Transportation and Communication PDF
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2024
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Summary
This document covers transportation and communication systems, exploring various modes of transport, including roads, railways, airways, and waterways. It also discusses the importance of these systems in connecting production and consumption centers. The document explains how transportation and communication systems are essential elements of economic activity and quality of life.
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bdkbZ&3 izko`Qfrd lalk/uksa] vkfFkZd fØ;kdykiksa vkSj ck”kkj dk vè;k;&7 fdlh ,d gh LFkku ij ik;k tkuk nqyZHk gksrk gSA ifjogu] lapkj ,oa O;kikj] mRiknu osQa nzkas vkSj miHkksx osQa nzkas dks tksMr+ s gSaA fo'kky mRiknu vkSj fofue; dh iz...
bdkbZ&3 izko`Qfrd lalk/uksa] vkfFkZd fØ;kdykiksa vkSj ck”kkj dk vè;k;&7 fdlh ,d gh LFkku ij ik;k tkuk nqyZHk gksrk gSA ifjogu] lapkj ,oa O;kikj] mRiknu osQa nzkas vkSj miHkksx osQa nzkas dks tksMr+ s gSaA fo'kky mRiknu vkSj fofue; dh iz.kkyh vR;ar tfVy gksrh gSA izR;sd izns'k mUgha oLrqvksa dk mRiknu djrk gS] ftlosQ fy, ogk¡ vkn'kZ n'kk,¡ miyC/ gksrh gSaA ,slh oLrqvksa dk O;kikj ,oa fofue; ifjogu vkSj lapkj ij fuHkZj djrk gSA blh izdkj thou dk Lrj o thou dh xq.koÙkk Hkh n{k ifjogu] lapkj ,oa O;kikj ij fuHkZj djrs gaSA izkjafHkd voLFkk esa ifjogu vkSj lapkj osQ lk/u ,d gh FksA ijarq vkt nksuksa us lqLi"V vkSj fo'ks"kho`Qr Lo:i izkIr dj fy;k gSA ifjogu ;kstd vkSj okgd miyC/ djkrk gS ftuosQ ifjogu ,oa lapkj ekè;e ls O;kikj laHko gksrk gSA ifjogu ifjogu O;fDRk;ksa vkSj oLrqvksa dks ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku rd ogu djus dh lsok ;k lqfo/k dks dgrs gSa ftlesa euq";ksa] i'kqvksa rFkk fofHkUu izdkj dh xkfM+;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ,slk xeukxeu LFky] ty ,oa ok;q esa gksrk gSA lM+osaQ vkSj jsyekxZ LFkyh; ifjogu dk Hkkx gSa] tcfd ukSifjogu rFkk tyekxZ ,oa ok;qekxZ ifjogu osQ vU; nks izdkj gSaA ikbiykbusa isVªksfy;e] izko`Qfrd xSl vkSj rjy voLFkk esa v;Ldksa tSls inkFkks± dk ifjogu djrh gaSA blosQ vfrfjDr ifjogu lekt dh vk/kjHkwr vko';drkvksa dh larqf"V osQ fy, jpk x;k ,d laxfBr lsok m|ksx gSA blosQ varxZRk ifjogu ekxks±] yksxksa vkSj oLrqvksa osQ ogu gsrq xkfM+;ks]a ekxks± osQ j[k&j[kko vkSj ynku] mrjko rFkk forj.k dk fuiVku djus osQ fy, laLFkkvksa dk lekos'k fd;k tkrk gSA izR;sd ns'k us izfrj{kk mís';ksa osQ fy, fofHkUu izdkj ls ifjogu dk fodkl fd;k gSA n{k lapkj O;oLFkk ls ;qDr vk'okflr ,oa rhozxkeh ifjogu izdh.kZ yksxksa osQ chp lg;ksx ,oa ,drk dks izksUur djrk gSA ifjogu tky D;k gksrk gS\ vusd LFkku ftUgsa ijLij ekxks± dh Jsf.k;ksa }kjk tksM+ fn, tkus ij ftl izk:i dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS mls ifjogu tky dgrs gSaA ifjogu ,oa lapkj 53 2024-25 ifjogu dh fo/k,¡ fo'o ifjogu dh izeq[k fo/k,¡] tSlk fd igys crk;k tk pqdk gS&LFky] ty] ok; ok;q vkSj ikbiykbu gSaA budk iz;ksx varizkZnsf'kd rFkk varjk&izknsf'kd ifjogu osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ikbiykbu dks NksMd + j izR;sd ;kf=k;ksa vkSj eky nksukas dk ogu djrk gSA fdlh fo/k dh lkFkZdrk ifjofgr dh tkus okyh oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa osQ izdkj] ifjogu dh ykxrksa vkSj fp=k 7-1 % vkfLVª;k esa jTtqekxZ ,oa rkj xkfM+;k¡ miyC/ fo/k ij fuHkZj djrh gSA oLrqvksa osQ varjkZ"Vªh; ifjogu dk ;g lk/u izk;% rhoz hysa lqihfj;j] g~;wju] bjh rFkk vksaVkfj;ks] lw ugj rFkk oySaM ugj osQ }kjk tqM+s gq, gSa] rFkk vkarfjd tyekxZ dh lqfo/k iznku djrs gSaA lsaV ykWjsal unh dh ,'pqvjh o`gn~ >hyksa osQ lkFk mÙkjh vesfjdk osQ mÙkjh Hkkx esa fof'k"V okf.kfT;d tyekxZ dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA bl ekxZ ij fLFkr eq[; iÙku MqyqFk vkSj cqiQkyks lHkh vk/qfud leqnzh iÙku dh lqfo/kvksa ls ;qDr gSA bl izdkj fo'kky lkeqfnzd ty;ku egk}hi osQ vkarfjd Hkkx esa ekWf.Vª;y rd fp=k 7-15 % lkYlcxZ gokbZ iÙku ij ,d ok;q;ku ukSdk;u djrs gSAa ijaRkq bu ufn;ksa ij ik, tkus okys NksV&s NksVs ok;q;kuksa osQ fuekZ.k rFkk mudh dk;Z iz.kkyh osQ fy, izikrksa osQ dkj.k lkekuksa dks NksVs ekyokgd iksrksa ij yknuk vR;ar fodflr voLFkkiukRed lqfo/kvks]a tSl& s foeku'kkyk] iM+rk gSA blls cpus osQ fy, ugjksa dks 3-5 ehVj rd xgjk Hkwfe ij mrkjus] b±/u rFkk j[k&j[kko dh lqfo/kvksa dh cuk;k x;k gSA vko';drk gksrh gSA gokbZ iÙkuksa dk fuekZ.k Hkh vR;fèkd felhflih tyekxZ [kphZyk gS vkSj mUgha ns'kksa esa tgk¡ vR;f/d vkS|ksxhdj.k ,oa vf/d la[;k esa ;kr;kr miyC/ gSa] fodflr gqvk gSA felhflih&muksfg;ks tyekxZ la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk osQ orZeku le; esa fo'o esa dksbZ Hkh LFkku 35 ?kaVs ls vkarfjd Hkkxksa dks nf{k.k esa eSfDldks dh [kkM+h osQ lkFk vfèkd dh nwjh ij ugha gSA ;g pkSadkus okyk rF; mu yksxksa tksM+rk gSA yacs LVhej bl ekxZ osQ }kjk fefu;kiksfyl rd osQ dkj.k laHko gqvk tks ok;q;ku cukrs vkSj mM+krs gSaA o"kks± tk ldrs gSaA vkSj eghuksa osQ LFkku ij ok;q ekxZ }kjk dh xbZ ;k=kk dks vc ?kaVksa vkSj feuVksa esa ekik tk ldrk gSA fo'o osQ vusd Hkkxksa ok;q ifjogu esa fuR; ok;q lsok,¡ miyC/ gSaA ;|fi fczVsu dk okf.kfT;d ok;q ifjogu] ifjogu dk rhozre lk/u gS] ijarq ;g vR;ar ok;q ifjogu dk iz;ksx vuqdj.kh; gS] la;Dq r jkT; vesfjdk eg¡xk Hkh gSA rhozxkeh gksus osQ dkj.k yach nwjh dh ;k=kk osQ us eq[; :i ls ;q¼ksÙkj varjkZ"Vªh; ukxfjd mM~M;u dk fy, ;k=kh bls ojh;rk nsrs gSaA blosQ }kjk ewY;oku tgkt+h fodkl fd;k gSA vkt 250 ls vf/d okf.kfT;d ,;jykbusa ifjogu ,oa lapkj 65 2024-25 fo'o osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa fu;fer lsok,¡ iznku djrh gSAa gky dk O;kid :i ls iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ikbiykbuksa }kjk ty gh esa gq, fodkl ok;q ifjogu osQ Hkfo"; osQ ekxZ dks cny dh vkiwfrZ ls lHkh ifjfpr gSAa fo'o osQ vusd Hkkxksa esa jlksbZ ldrs gSa lqijlksfud ok;q;ku yanu vkSj U;w;kWoQZ osQ chp dh xSl vFkok ,y-ih-th- dh vkiwfrZ ikbiykbuksa }kjk dh tkrh nwjh dk lk