Lesson 8: Digestive Apparatus PDF

Lesson 12 Digestive apparatus Human Anatomy and Embryology Prof. Mar Ubero Dentistry Index CONTENT -Introduction to the digestive apparatus. -Digestive tract: -Oral cavity. -Pharynx. -Oesophagus. -Stomach. -Small intestine: duodenum, jejunum and ileum. -Large intestine. -Accessory organs: -Sali...

Lesson 12 Digestive apparatus Human Anatomy and Embryology Prof. Mar Ubero Dentistry Index CONTENT -Introduction to the digestive apparatus. -Digestive tract: -Oral cavity. -Pharynx. -Oesophagus. -Stomach. -Small intestine: duodenum, jejunum and ileum. -Large intestine. -Accessory organs: -Salivary glands. -Liver. -Pancreas. -Vascularisation: -Arterial system. -Venous system. 2 1. Introduction to digestive apparatus 3 ti ti ti Mar ni FH, Tallitsch RB, Nath JL. Human Anatomy. 8th Edi on. Pearson Educa on SA, 2018. 2. Digestive tract: Oral cavity - Vestibule (anterior). Hard and soft palates (superior). - Tongue (inferior). Oropharyngeal isthmus (posterior). 4 ti ti ti Mar ni FH, Tallitsch RB, Nath JL. Human Anatomy. 8th Edi on. Pearson Educa on SA, 2018. 2. Digestive tract: Pharynx The pharynx serves as a common passageway for food, liquids, and air. - From base of the skull to C6. - Divisions: Nasopharynx, Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx. - Lymphoid tissue: tonsils. The pharyngeal muscles cooperate with muscles of the oral cavity and oesophagus to initiate the swallowing process, or deglutition. 5 2. Digestive tract: Pharynx The pharyngeal constrictors (superior, middle, and inferior) push the bolus toward the oesophagus. 6 2. Digestive tract: Pharynx Longitudinal muscles: the palatopharyngeus and stylopharyngeus muscles elevate the larynx. 7 2. Digestive tract: Oesophagus A hollow muscular tube that transports foods and liquids to the stomach. Located posterior to the trachea and slightly left of the midline. Passes along the dorsal wall of the mediastinum in the thoracic cavity and enters the peritoneal cavity through an opening in the diaphragm, the oesophageal hiatus. 8 2. Digestive tract: Oesophagus Innervated by the vagus nerve (X – cranial nerve) 9 2. Digestive tract: Stomach It occupies the left hypochondriac, epigastric, and portions of the umbilical and left lumbar regions. Intraperitoneal organ. Regions: cardias, fundus, body, pyloric antrum, pylorus. Functions: - Storage of ingested food. - Mechanical breakdown of food. - Chemical digestion of ingested food through the disruption of chemical bonds by acids and enzymes. 10 2. Digestive tract: Stomach Nielsen M, Miller S. Atlas of Human Anatomy. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2011. 11 2. Digestive tract: Stomach Nielsen M, Miller S. Atlas of Human Anatomy. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2011. 12 2. Digestive tract: Stomach Nielsen M, Miller S. Atlas of Human Anatomy. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2011. 13 2. Digestive tract: Small intestine The small intestine plays the primary role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients. Ninety percent of nutrient absorption occurs in the small intestine, and most of the rest occurs in the proximal portion of the large intestine. ti ti ti Mar ni FH, Tallitsch RB, Nath JL. Human Anatomy. 8th Edi on. Pearson Educa on SA, 2018. 14 2. Digestive tract: Small intestine DUODENUM Parts of the duodenum: - Superior. - Descending. - Inferior. - Ascending. 15 2. Digestive tract: Small intestine DUODENUM Major duodenal papilla (inferior). Minor duodenal papilla (superior). 16 2. Digestive tract: Small intestine Jejunum - 2/5 proximal. Left upper intestinal loops. Larger in diameter and thicker wall than Ileum. Numerous folds in the inner mucosa. JEJUNUM ADN ILEUM Ileum - 3/5 distal. Right lower intestinal loops. Thinner walls. Less folds in the inner mucosa than jejunum. Peyer plates. Ileocecal valve. 17 2. Digestive tract: Large intestine 1,5m - Cecum (appendix). Ascending colon. Transverse colon. Descending colon. Sigmoid colon. 18 2. Digestive tract: Large intestine 19 2. Digestive tract: Rectum and anal canal It is an expandable organ for the temporary storage of fecal material; movement of fecal materials into the rectum triggers the urge to defecate. 20 3. Accessory organs: Salivary glands 1. Parotid gland 2. Submandibular gland 3. Sublingual gland 4. Submandibular duct 5. Stenson duct or parotid duct 6 6. Sublingual ducts www.quironsalud.es 21 3. Accessory organs: Liver - Produces bile. Metabolizes the carbohydrates. Metabolizes lipids. Detoxification of blood. Storages of glucose, vitamins, etc. 22 3. Accessory organs: Liver ti ti ti Mar ni FH, Tallitsch RB, Nath JL. Human Anatomy. 8th Edi on. Pearson Educa on SA, 2018. 23 3. Accessory organs: Liver Nielsen M, Miller S. Atlas of Human Anatomy. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2011. 24 3. Accessory organs: Liver and bile system Central vein (venous system). Interlobular artery. Interlobular vein (portal system). Interlobular bile duct. Mar ni FH, Tallitsch RB, Nath JL. Human Anatomy. 8th Edi on. Pearson Educa on SA, 2018. ti ti ti 25 3. Accessory organs: Liver and bile system 26 3. Accessory organs: Pancreas 27 3. Accessory organs: Pancreas The pancreas is a mixed gland: -Exocrine activity (pancreatic acini) —> digestive enzymes (amylases) and buffers. -Endocrine activity (Langerhans islets) —> Insulin and glucagon. ti ti ti Mar ni FH, Tallitsch RB, Nath JL. Human Anatomy. 8th Edi on. Pearson Educa on SA, 2018. 28 4. Vascularisation: Arterial system • Celiac trunk. • Superior mesenteric artery. • Inferior mesenteric artery. • Renal arteries. • Gonadal arteries. • Common iliac arteries. 29 4. Vascularisation: Arterial system Celiac trunk • Splenic artery (spleen and part of the stomach and pancreas). • Left gastric artery (stomach and part of the oesophagus). • Hepatic artery (Liver, gallbladder, head of the pancreas and part of the stomach). 30 4. Vascularisation: Arterial system Superior mesenteric artery Vascularisation: Duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon and 2/3 right transverse colon. 31 4. Vascularisation: Arterial system Inferior mesenteric artery Vascularisation: Left 1/3 of the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum. 32 4. Vascularisation: Arterial system Renal arteries. Gonadal arteries. Common iliac arteries. 33 4. Vascularisation: Venous system Renal veins. Gonadal veins. Common iliac veins. 34 4. Vascularisation: Venous system Portal system Portal vein = splenic v. + superior mesenteric v. + inferior mesenteric v. 35 BIBLIOGRAPHY Drake RL, Vogl AW, Mitchell AWM. Gray's Basic Anatomy, 4th Edi on. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, 2019. Drake RL, Vogl AW, Mitchell AWM, Tibbi s R, Richardson P. Gray ́s Atlas of Anatomy, 3rd Edi on. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, 2020. Mar ni FH, Tallitsch RB, Nath JL. Human Anatomy. 8th Edi on. Pearson Educa on SA, 2018. Nielsen M, Miller S. Atlas of Human Anatomy. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2011. Schünke M, Schulte E, Schumacher U. PROMETHEUS Anatomical Atlas for students. Panamericana, 2015. 5th Ed. Sobo a. Atlas of Human Anatomy, 15th Ed. Elsevier Gmbh, Munich. 2012. ti ti ti ti tt tt ti 36 Maria del Mar Ubero Martinez [email protected] UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia © UCAM