The Global City - Lesson 8 PDF

SSP 113: THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD LESSON 8: THE GLOBAL CITY BS Medical Technology – 1st Semester | SY 2024-2025 Palacio, T.J. Ms. Rotchelle Tuburan | 11:30AM-1:00PM WHY STUDY GLOBAL CITIES?...

SSP 113: THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD LESSON 8: THE GLOBAL CITY BS Medical Technology – 1st Semester | SY 2024-2025 Palacio, T.J. Ms. Rotchelle Tuburan | 11:30AM-1:00PM WHY STUDY GLOBAL CITIES? → the New York Stock Exchange represents the highest 1. Globalization is spatial because it takes place in actual concentration of capital in the world spaces GLOBAL CITIES TODAY → When international investments and capital flow → the global economy has evolved dramatically, and any through a city and when businesses construct explanation of today's cities' economic influence must towers, one can see it take into account the most recent developments. → People working in these industries, as well as → Recent critics have broadened Sassen's criteria for Filipinos working abroad, are beginning to buy or determining what makes a global metropolis. rent high-rise condominium units and nicer and → Despite not being as wealthy as New York, Los Angeles' larger homes Hollywood has now surpassed New York in terms of → more poor people are being displaced from city cultural importance. centers to make way for new developments. Global Cities based on Cultural Importance 2. Globalization is spatial, as it is based in places, which is → San Francisco must now be considered a global city what propels it forward because it is home to the most dominant online → Los Angeles, the birthplace of Hollywood, is where companies such as Facebook, Twitter, and Google films are produced for worldwide distribution. → the growth of the Chinese economy has turned cities → The main headquarters of Sony is in Tokyo, and from such as Shanghai, Beijing, and Guangzhou into centers there, the company coordinates the sale of its of trade and finance various electronic goods to branches across the Chinese government reopened the Shanghai Stock world. Exchange in late 1990, and since then, it has grown → cities influence globalization and globalization to become the fifth largest stock market in the influences cities. They are both the locations and the world conduits of globalization. Global Cities based on the Quality of Life → Just as the Internet enables and shapes global forces, → Sydney, Australia's largest city, controls the majority of so too do cities. the country's capital. 1950 – 30% lived in urban areas → Melbourne, however, is referred to as Sydney's rival 2014 – 54% lived in urban areas "global city," as it is now regarded, by numerous 2050 – 66% are expected to live in urban areas magazines and lists, the world's "most livable city"—a place with good public transit, a strong cultural scene, DEFINING GLOBAL CITIES and a comparatively relaxed pace of life. Saskia Sassen INDICATORS FOR GLOBALITY → popularized the concept "global city” in 1990 Economic Power → definition was mostly based on economic factors → She began her research by identifying three major cities: → economic power largely determines which cities are New York, London, and Tokyo, all of which are financial global (Sassen) and capitalist hubs → Tokyo houses the most number of corporate → financial and capitalist hubs – locations of the world's headquarters (613 company headquarters as compared most prestigious stock exchanges, where investors can 217 in New York, its closest competitor). purchase and sell shares in big firms → Shanghai may have a smaller stock market compared to New York – New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) New York and Tokyo, but it plays a critical role in the London – Financial Times Stock Exchange (FTSE) global economic supply chain ever since China has Tokyo – Nikkei become the manufacturing center of the world. → The amount of money traded in these markets is Shanghai has the world's busiest container port, staggering moving over 33 million container units in 2013.99 Economic Opportunities Value of shares traded: New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) – $19,300 billion → indicator that makes global cities attractive to talents Philippine Stock Exchange (PSE) – $231.3 billion from across the world 1  THE GLOBAL CITY → many of the top IT programmers and engineers from that people read are published in places such as New Asia have moved to the San Francisco Bay Area to York, London, or Paris. become some of the key figures in Silicon Valley's → The New York Times carries the name of New York City, technology boom since 1970s but it is far from being a local newspaper. People read it → London remains a preferred destination for many not just across America but also all over the world. Filipinos with nursing degrees → One of the reasons for the many tourists visiting Boston is because they want to see Harvard University- the Economic Competitiveness world's top university. → Criteria of the Economic Intelligence Unit in measuring → Many Asian teenagers are flocking to Australian cities economic competitiveness: because of the country's top English-language 1. Market size universities. 2. Purchasing power of citizens Education is Australia's third greatest export, 3. Size of the middle class following only coal and iron ore but far ahead of 4. Potential for growth tourism. → "tiny" Singapore is considered Asia's most competitive The Australian government claimed in 2015 that city because of its strong market, efficient and education alone brought in 19.2 billion Australian incorruptible government, and livability. dollars (approximately 14 billion US dollars), It also houses the regional offices of many major → Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark, is so small. global corporations. However, it is now considered one of the culinary Centers of Authority capitals of the world, with its top restaurants → Washington DC may not be as wealthy as New York, but incommensurate with its size. it is the seat of American state power. as the origin of "New Nordic" cuisine, has sparked → Major landmarks of Washington DC: numerous culinary innovations, including foraging  White House for local ingredients in the woods.  Capitol Building (Congress) → Manchester, England, was a bleak, industrial metropolis  Supreme Court in the 1980s. However, many prominent post-punk and  Lincoln Memorial New Wave bands-Joy Division, the Smiths, the Happy  Washington Monument. Mondays-hailed from this city, making it a global → Canberra is at dull town with limited visitor appeal. household name. However, being Australia's political capital, it is home to → In Southeast Asia, Singapore is slowly becoming a the country's highest-ranking lawmakers, bureaucrats, cultural hub for the region. It now houses some of the and policy advisers. region's top television stations and news organizations (MTV Southeast Asia and Channel News Asia). Its various Political Hotspots art galleries and cinemas also show paintings from → Political hostpots – cities that are home to large artists and filmmakers, respectively, from the Philippines international organizations and Thailand. → The headquarters of the United Nations is in New York Singapore, with its gleaming buildings, is often → Headquarters of the European Union is in Brussels viewed as a symbol of Asian modernity → An influential political city near the Philippines is Jakarta, which is not just the capital of Indonesia but is → Global cities, because of their cultural power, are linked also the location of the main headquarters of the to imagination. Consider how many songs about New Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). York have been written → Powerful political hubs exert influence on their own  Jay Z and Alicia Keys's "Empire State of Mind" countries as well as on international affairs.  Frank Sinatra's "New York, New York" The European Central Bank, which oversees the  numerous songs by Simon and Garfunkel Euro (the European Union's currency), is based in and how these references conjure up Frankfurt. A decision made in that city can, images of a place where anything is therefore, affect the political economy of an entire possible-"a concrete jungle where dreams continent and beyond. are made of," according to Alicia Keys. Centers of Higher Learning and Culture → Today, global cities become culturally diverse. → In a global city, one can try cuisines from different parts → A city's intellectual influence is seen through the of the world. influence of its publishing industry. Many of the books  Berlin and Tokyo offer some of the best Turkish food one can find outside of Turkey. PALACIO, T.J. 2  THE GLOBAL CITY  Manila is not very global because of the dearth of believed that properties around the world that carry his foreign residents (despite the massive domestic name may be targets of terror attacks. There are Trump migration), but Singapore is deemed global Towers, for example, in places such as Istanbul and because it has a foreign population of 38%. Manila. THE CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL CITIES THE GLOBAL CITY AND THE POOR → The following are “pathologies” of global cities (Chicago → economic globalization has paved the way for massive Council on Global Affairs) inequality and is very pronounced in cities. → Some large cities, particularly those in Scandinavia, have Cities can be sustainable because of their density found ways to mitigate inequality through state-led As Richard Florida notes: social redistribution programs. "Ecologists have found that by concentrating their → many cities, particularly those in developing countries, populations in smaller areas, cities and metros decrease are sites of contradiction human encroachment on natural habitats. Denser In places such as Mumbai, Jakarta, and Manila, it is settlement patterns yield energy savings; apartment common to find gleaming buildings alongside buildings, for example, are more efficient to heat and cool massive shantytowns. than detached suburban houses. " This duality may even be seen in rich, urban cities. Cities with extensive public transportation systems cut → As a city attracts more capital and wealthier residents, carbon emissions because people tend to drive less real estate values rise, forcing impoverished people to → It is no surprise to learn that, largely because of the transfer to less expensive locations. → Gentrification – the process of displacing the poor in city's extensive train system, New Yorkers have the favor of newer, wealthier residents. lowest per capita carbon footprint in the United States. → In Asia, dense global cities such as Singapore and Tokyo  Poor urban enclaves on the fringes of New York and San Francisco are populated by African- also have relatively low per capita carbon footprints. Americans and immigrant families who are → Los Angeles is a sprawling metropolise with vast frequently denied opportunities to a better life. motorways that drive citizens to spend money on automobiles and gasoline. They are gradually being pushed farther away from their cities' economic hubs. → cities like Manila, Bangkok, and Mumbai are congested;  Poor aboriginal Australians gentrification caused they are also severely filthy due to a lack of proper public transportation and their governments' incapacity them to migrate away from city centers, which offered more jobs, more government services, to manage their automobile sectors. better transportation, and opportunities to live in → urban areas consume most of the world's energy: cities public urban housing. only cover 2% of the world's landmass, but they consume 78% of global energy.  Poor Muslim migrants in France have been pushed out of Paris and have settled in ethnic enclaves → if carbon emissions must be cut to prevent global known as banlieues. warming, this massive energy consumption in cities → In most of the world's global cities, the middle class is must be curbed. This action will require a lot of creativity. also thinning out. → High-paying occupations are concentrated in global Major terror attacks targeted cities cities as a result of globalization. High-earners, in turn, → Cities, especially those with global influence, are obvious create a need for unskilled labor (e.g., hotel cleaners, targets for terrorists due to their high populations and nannies, maids, and servers) to meet their growing their role as symbols of globalization that many demands. terrorists despise. → many middle-class jobs in manufacturing and business → The same attributes that make them attractive to process outsourcing (e.g., call centers) are being workers and migrants make them sites of potential outsourced to other countries. terrorist violence. → hollowing out of the middle class in global cities has Example is the 9/11 attacks that brought down the heightened the inequality within them. twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York  In places such as New York, there are high-rolling and the November 2015 coordinated attacks in American investment bankers whose children are Paris by zealots of the Islamic State of Iraq and the raised by Filipina maids. Levant (ISIL). For some, a major global city may be paradise; but for → When the real estate magnate Donald Trump became others, it may be a tragedy. the president of the United States, security experts PALACIO, T.J. 3 THE GLOBAL CITY PALACIO, T.J. 4