Lesson 7: Variation Among Individuals (Evolution in Real Populations) PDF

11/12/2024 Variation among Individuals (Evolution in Real Population) Lesson 7 Linanthus ciliates Asterina miniate Sonora semiannulata (whiskerbrush) (bat stars) (ground snakes) 1 ...

11/12/2024 Variation among Individuals (Evolution in Real Population) Lesson 7 Linanthus ciliates Asterina miniate Sonora semiannulata (whiskerbrush) (bat stars) (ground snakes) 1  11/12/2024 Three Kinds of Variation 1. Genetic variation Mixed parents with mixed twins Three Kinds of Variation 1. Genetic variation 2. Environmental variation 2  11/12/2024 Three Kinds of Variation 1. Genetic variation 2. Environmental variation 3. Genotype-by-environment interaction 3  11/12/2024 hemoglobin mucigen/mucin rhodopsin 3D model of hemoglobin Amino acid sequence of hemoglobin 4  11/12/2024 Some of the genes on The DNA double-helix human chromosome 7 (1) Genetic Variation 5  11/12/2024 TAS2Rs or the Type 2 taste receptors TAS2R38 (receptor for PTC) 6  11/12/2024 ❑ TAS2R genes were examined in a number of individuals ❑ Different versions were noted: ❑ 49th codon – proline or alanine ❑ 262nd codon – alanine or valine ❑ 296th codon – valine or isoleucine AVI & PAV alleles Un-kyung Kim et al., 2003 AVI/AVI AVI/PAV PAV/PAV 7  11/12/2024 ❑ In 2012, Newcomb and his colleagues asked people with different genotypes to taste the standard PTC solution and rate the intensity of bitter flavor. Newcomb et al., 2012 8  11/12/2024 (1) Genetic Variation and Evolution 9  11/12/2024 (1) Genetic Variation and Evolution (2) Environmental Variation Water flea (Daphnia pulex) Phantom Midge Larva Phantom Midge Fly https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/203 https://uwm.edu/field- https://www.inaturalist.org/gui 474-Daphnia-pulex station/phantom-midge-redux/ de_taxa/463109 10  11/12/2024 (2) Environmental Variation Variations in Daphnia exposed in varying environmental conditions Miyakawa, et al., 2010 (2) Environmental Variation Variations in Daphnia exposed in varying environmental conditions Miyakawa, et al., 2010 11  11/12/2024 (2) Environmental Variation Variations in Daphnia exposed in varying environmental conditions Miyakawa, et al., 2010 (3) Genotype-by-environment Interaction Sox9 or Sex determing region Y – box 9 - a gene that provides instructions for making a protein that plays a critical role during embryonic development Leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius) Herron and Freeman , 2014 12  11/12/2024 (3) Genotype-by-environment Interaction Individuals incubated at intermediate Variation among fathers in the effect of temperature are more likely to be male temperature on sex ratio of their offspring Viets et al., 1993 Rhen et al., 2011 Reaction norm – the pattern of phenotypes an individual may develop upon exposure to different environments. (3) Genotype-by-environment Interaction Human genotype-by-environment interaction Caspi et al., 2003 13  11/12/2024 Reaction norm – the pattern of phenotypes an individual may develop upon exposure to different environments. Phenotypic plasticity – the ability of one genotype to produce more than one phenotype when exposed to different environments. (3) Genotype-by-environment Interaction Tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta) https://entomologytoday.org/2020/01/14/advanced-morphology-techniques- reveal-tobacco-hornworms-secrets/ 14  11/12/2024 (3) Genotype-by-environment Interaction Genotype-by-environment interaction in Tobacco hornworm Suzuki and Nijhout, 2006 (3) Genotype-by-environment Interaction Genotype-by-environment interaction in Tobacco hornworm Suzuki and Nijhout, 2006 15  11/12/2024 Summary ❑ Genetic variation (GV) and genetic-by-environment interaction (GBEI) serve as raw materials for evolution; ❑ Genetic-by-environment interaction allows evolution of the pattern of environmental variation; 16