Specialized Cells Lesson (PDF)

SPECIALIZED CELLS ORGANELLES Hancel Jade H. Sagay-oc Learning Objectives Explain how cells carry out functions required to sustain life. Explain how photosynthetic organisms use light energy to combine carbon dioxide and water to form energy-rich compounds...

SPECIALIZED CELLS ORGANELLES Hancel Jade H. Sagay-oc Learning Objectives Explain how cells carry out functions required to sustain life. Explain how photosynthetic organisms use light energy to combine carbon dioxide and water to form energy-rich compounds Trace the energy flow from the environment to the cells Learning Objectives Discuss how organisms obtain and utilize energy. Understand the organisms require energy to carry to functions required to sustain life.  GUIDE QUESTION: HOW DOES THE CELL TRANSFORM ENERGY WITHIN THE BODY OF ORGANISM?  INTRODUCTION Living organisms my be composed of one or more cells. Whether it’s a plant, an animal, or a microbial organism, all organisms function using the chemical energy found in food in the form of carbohydrate molecules, which can be traced from the process of photosynthesis.  LIFE ON EARTH IS THE RESULT OF THE INTERPLAY OF TWO IMPORTANT ENERGY PROCESSES PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION  WHAT IS IT? PLANTS Plants are autotrophs. Autotrophic organisms can make there own food. Photoautotrophs - autotrophs that uses sunlight and carbon from carbon dioxide to synthesize chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates Autotrophic Organisms create their own food through the process of photosynthesis OTHER EXAMPLES OF AUTOTROPHIC ORGANISMS Bacteria Algae  PHOTOAUTOTROPHIC BACTERIA BACTERIA TYPES Oxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria. Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria. Purple sulphur bacteria (PSB) Purple non-sulphur bacteria (PNSB) Green sulphur bacteria (GSB) Sulphur bacteria. Nitrogen bacteria. Hydrogen bacteria PHOTOAUTOTROPHIC ALGAE ALGAE TYPES Cyanobacteria microalgae  HUMANS & ANIMALS WHAT IS IT? heterotrophic organisms are those organisms who are not capable of performing photosynthesis. These organisms require obtaining obtaining energy by consuming other organisms. WHAT ARE ORGANELLES? Cell organelles are tiny structures within a cell that function like the organs of our bodies. Each organelle has a specific job to perform, which helps the cell survive and function properly. WHAT ARE ORGANELLES? Inside the cells of animals, humans, or plants are specialized organelles that function for harvesting energy.  MITOCHONDRIA The mitochondria are small, specialized cellular organelles that produce energy from food by breaking down carbon-containing molecules and releasing energy packets in the form of ATP. ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate. MITOCHONDRIA double-membraned. spherical organelles. known as the powerhouse of the cell provides the chemical fuel that powers the cell to do certain processes such as moving cells and its parts, and DNA. Capable of synthesizing proteins and dividing, independent of the cell’s normal division cycle STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF A MITOCHONDRIA  CRISTAE MITOCHONDRIA Cristae are folds in the inner mitochondria membrane. These folds increase the surface area of the inner membrane where energy production occurs. Therefore, an increased surface area allows the mitochondria to produce more energy at a faster rate. MATRIX The mitochondrial matrix contains a large variety of enzymes, including those that convert pyruvate and fatty acids to acetyl CoA and those that oxidize this acetyl CoA to CO2through the citric acid cycle. CHLOROPLAST Plants form the basis of all life on earth and are known as producers. Plant cells contain structures known as plastids which are absent in animal cells. These plastids are double-membraned cell organelles which play a primary role in the manufacturing and storing of food. There are three types of plastids – Chromoplasts - They are the colour plastids, found in all flowers, fruits and are mainly responsible for their distinctive colours. Chloroplasts - They are green coloured plastids, which comprise green-coloured pigments within the plant cell and are called chlorophyll. Leucoplasts - They are colourless plastids and are mainly used for the storage of starch, lipids and proteins within the plant cell. CHLOROPLAST “Chloroplast is an organelle that contains the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll that captures sunlight and converts it into useful energy, thereby, releasing oxygen from water. STRUCTURE FUNCTIONS Outer Membrane: What it is: The outer layer of the chloroplast. What it does: Protects the chloroplast and lets small molecules in and out. Inner Membrane: What it is: A layer just inside the outer membrane. What it does: Controls what substances can go in and out of the chloroplast. STRUCTURE FUNCTIONS Stroma: What it is: A jelly-like fluid inside the chloroplast. What it does: This is where the second part of photosynthesis happens, making sugar (glucose) from carbon dioxide. Thylakoids: What it is: Small, flat discs stacked inside the chloroplast. What they do: They capture sunlight and start the first part of photosynthesis. This is where light energy is turned into chemical energy. STRUCTURE FUNCTIONS Grana (singular: Granum): What it is: Stacks of thylakoids (like a stack of pancakes). What it does: Provides more surface area to absorb sunlight. Lumen (Thylakoid Space): What it is: The space inside the thylakoids. What it does: Helps with the production of energy (ATP) during the first part of photosynthesis. STRUCTURE FUNCTIONS Chlorophyll: What it is: The green pigment inside the thylakoids. What it does: Absorbs sunlight to help the plant start photosynthesis. Starch Granules: What they are: Little storage spots for energy inside the chloroplast. What they do: Store glucose (sugar) that the plant makes during photosynthesis STRUCTURE FUNCTIONS Ribosomes: What they are: Tiny structures that make proteins. What they do: Ribosomes inside the chloroplast help create some of the proteins that are necessary for the chloroplast to function, using the instructions from the chloroplast’s DNA. Why they matter: These proteins are important for photosynthesis and other processes that keep the plant cell healthy. STRUCTURE FUNCTIONS Chloroplast DNA: What it is: A small circular piece of genetic material (DNA) found in the chloroplast. What it does: The DNA in the chloroplast holds the instructions for making some of the proteins and enzymes needed for photosynthesis. Why it matters: While most of a plant cell's DNA is found in the nucleus, the chloroplast has its own DNA, which helps it make specific proteins directly inside the chloroplast. STRUCTURE SUMMARY chloroplasts capture sunlight and turn it into sugar for the plant, using different parts for different stages of this process. The thylakoids and grana help absorb the sunlight The stroma helps create the sugar that plants use for energy. STRUCTURE SUMMARY Ribosomes in the chloroplast act like protein factories. Chloroplast DNA provides the blueprint for building those proteins. These proteins are essential for the chloroplast to carry out photosynthesis. LET’s check your understanding WHAT IS the two energy processes that helps to make life on earth possible? WHAT IS the two energy processes that helps to make life on earth possible? Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration  THESE ARE autotrophs that uses sunlight and carbon from carbon dioxide to synthesize chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates?  THESE ARE autotrophs that uses sunlight and carbon from carbon dioxide to synthesize chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates? Photoautotrophs WHAT DO WE CALL THESE ARE ORGANISMS that can produce there own foods? WHAT DO WE CALL THESE ARE ORGANISMS that can produce there own foods? Autotrophs/Autotrophic Organisms WHAT DO WE CALL THESE ARE ORGANISMS that needs to consume organic matter to obtain energy? WHAT DO WE CALL THESE ARE ORGANISMS that needs to consume organic matter to obtain energy? Heterotrophs/Heterotrophic Organisms WHAT ARE ORGANELLES?  WHAT ARE ORGANELLES? Cell organelles are tiny structures within a cell that function like the organs of our bodies. THESE ORGANELLES ARE CONSIDERED AS THE POWER HOUSE OF THE CELL. THESE ORGANELLES ARE CONSIDERED AS THE POWER HOUSE OF THE CELL. Mithochondria WHAT is an organelle that contains the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll that captures sunlight and converts it into useful energy? WHAT is an organelle that contains the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll that captures sunlight and converts it into useful energy? Chloroplast WHAT ARE THE THREE TYPES OF LIPIDS? WHAT ARE THE THREE TYPES OF LIPIDS? Chromoplast, Chloroplast and Leucoplast KEY TAKE AWAYS Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration - Are two important energy processes that helps to make life possible on earth Organelles - Cell organelles are tiny structures within a cell that function like the organs of our bodies. Mitochondria - is considered as the power house of the cell, responsible for cellular respiration. This organelles can be found in almost eukaryotic organisms; Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protist KEY TAKE AWAYS Chloroplast - is an organelle found in plant cells and algae that is responsible for photosynthesis—the process of converting sunlight into chemical energy. Cells have specialized organelles for obtaining and harvesting energy.