Readings in Philippine History PDF - LSPU 2022-2023

Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited...

Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited LSPU Self-Paced Learning Module (SLM) Course READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY Sem/AY First Semester/2022-2023 Module No. 3 Lesson Title Social, Political, Economic and Cultural Issues in Philippine History Week 11-15 Duration Date November 31-December 2 This lesson discusses the effect and importance of agrarian reform policies in the Description Philippines, and how the agrarian policies changes over time. This module also of the discusses the Philippine Taxation, Constitution and Filipino-American Relations. There Lesson are also activities and exercises to know how much you understand this lesson. Learning Outcomes Intended Students should be able to meet the following intended learning outcomes: Learning  Enumerate and explain the several agrarian reform programs in the Philippines Outcomes  Evaluate how agrarian reform programs changes over time  Analyze the effect of agrarian reform program to farmers, fishers and to the economic development of the Philippines  Analyze the changes and adoption of new constitutions in the Philippines  Examine the factors causing adoption of new Constitution  Appreciate the significance of a constitution to a country Discuss the history of taxation in the Philippines  Assess the tax changes in the current tax reform law of the Philippines  Probe the function of taxation in the Philippines  Recognize the Filipino Cultural Heritage that represents of identity as a nation  Value heritage sites, cultural treasures and the legacy of our ancestors  Analyze the relationship between America and Filipino during and after American colonization  Assess people’s concept about American colonization LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited Lecture Guide PHILIPPINE AGRARIAN REFORM POLICIES Agrarian reform refers to the agricultural land redistribution and redirection of agrarian system in a country which is initiated by its government. Its main purpose is to solve problems of landlessness which hinders food security, productivity and economic growth. On one hand, United Nations defines agrarian reform as reforms covering all aspects of agrarian institutions, including land reform, production and supporting services structure, public administration in rural areas, rural social welfare and educational institutions. Furthermore, World Bank mentioned that it can be evaluated using 5 dimensions: (1) stocks and market liberalization, (2) land reform, (3) agro- processing and input supply channels, (4) urban finance, (5) market institutions. These dimensions explain that agrarian reform is not simply a land reform program that aims to distribute land to landless farmers, but it also intends to improve agricultural production, tenure security, regulated production and economic efficiency. I. History of Agrarian Reform Policies in the Philippines Offline Activities  PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD (e-Learning/Self- During the pre-colonial period, our ancestors lived in barangays lead by Paced) chieftains. Everyone, regardless of social status, can freely access the land for farming, harvesting and habitat. They practiced the concept of “stewardship” where people take care of nature which is the primary source of their needs. Did you know?! “Maragtas Code, the first recorded land sale”???! The stories known as the Maragtas are legends about the Ten Borneon Datus who escaped from the tyranny of Datu Makatunaw of Borneo and immigrated to the island of Panay in the Philippines. These ten datus bought the island of Panay from Marikudo, the leader of Aetas for a gold salakot.  SPANISH PERIOD As the Spaniards colonized the country, the King of Spain claimed our land. The former communal ownership and utilization of land was no longer exercised as Spain mandated some policies about land use, landholdings and registration. Since the King of Spain owned the country, but cannot fully managed it all, the Spanish crown awarded vast tracts of land to the following: LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited  Friar Lands for friars/religious orders  Repartiamentos for Spanish military (reward for their service)  Encomineda for Encomienderos (Spanish officials, chief, elite)  Pueblo Agriculture- an agricultural system which grants 4-5 hectares of land for each native Christianized family living within a pueblo/town The people to whom the King of Spain entrusted parts of Philippine soil were merely landholders not owners. As land holders, they are responsible on managing, protecting and cultivating the land; in exchange of their service they can collect tribute (tribute) from native tillers. Abusive encomienderos collected more tribute and forced the native tillers to sell the agricultural harvests in a very low price so encomienderos can resell it with larger profit. In 1894, under the Maura Law, landholders were ordered to register the land they were holding within the year or these will be declared as state property. Unfortunately, only few natives were able to follow the registration process, while most of the Spanish landholders were quick to response and even registered peasant’s lands adjacent to their land holdings.  AMERICAN PERIOD During this period, Americans passed numerous land policies to distribute land to greater number of Filipino families since landlessness became one of the reasons of Filipino revolt even before their colonization. The following legislation was enacted:  Philippine Bill of 1902 It grants Bill of Rights for the Filipinos that protected their rights: “…to live, to acquire property, to practice their religion, to be subjected to due process, to exercise their obligations, to enjoy compensations due to them, and freedom of expression” Section 15 provides limit of land acquisition, it states that “not exceeding sixteen hectares to any one person and for the sale and conveyance of not more than one thousand and twenty-four hectares to any corporation or association of persons”.  Land Registration Law of 1902 It enacted the creation of the Court of Land Registration (CLR), the offices of the Register of Deeds and the institution in this country of the Torrens system of registration. Torrens System. It is a system of land registration originated from Sir Robert Torrens. In this land registration and or land transfer system, the state creates and keeps a register of land holdings, which will serve as evidence of title of the person recorded on the register as the owner. LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited  Public Land Act of 1903 This act initiated sales and leasing of public domain and homestead system in the Philippines. Homestead System. It is the process of acquiring patents or certificates of alienable and disposable lands of the public domain for agricultural purposes. http://www.lis.dar.gov.ph/documents/2710  Tenancy Act of 1933 This act balances tenants’ and landlords’ power over the land they own and till, hence provided a 50-50 sharing of rice or sugar cane lands. http://davidwurfel.ca/the-philippine-rice-share-tenancy-act  COMMONWEALTH PERIOD Commonwealth period, was the ten-year transitional period of the Philippines from being American colony to an independent country. This period was granted by America to assist the Filipinos in preparation of becoming independent country.  Proclamation No. 58, s. 1936 It designated National Rice and Corn Corporation (NARIC) as a relief organization for the purpose of importing rice, free of duty. During this time the country is facing a state of emergency with rice due to drought, flood and typhoon. Therefore, the administration penalized rice monopoly and lifted imported rice tariff to relieve the situation. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1936/04/23/proclamation-no-58-s-1936/  Commonwealth Act. No. 461, 1937 This act regulates and protects tenants from disposal of the land he/he cultivates. The reasons for the dismissal of the tenants are within the clauses and sections of this act and only with the approval of the Tenancy Division of the Department of Justice.  PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC Manuel A. Roxas (1946-1948)  Republic Act No. 34 It amended certain sections of Act No. 4044. The highlight in the changes that were made was the share basis of tenants and landlords. "Sec. 8. Share basis. - In the absence of any written agreement to the contrary LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited and when the tenant furnishes the necessary implements and the work animals and defrays all the expenses for planting and cultivation of the land, the crop shall be divided as follows: the tenant shall receive seventy per cent of the net produce of the land and the landlord thirty per cent, for first-class land, the normal production of which, based on the average yield for the three preceding years, is more than forty cavans of palay per one cavan of seeds; seventy-five per cent for the tenant and twenty-five per cent for the landlord, in case of land the average normal production of which is not more than forty cavans of palay per one cavan of seeds. In case the landlord furnishes the necessary work animals and farm implements and, likewise, bears all the expenses of planting and cultivation, the landlord shall receive seventy per cent and the tenant thirty per cent of the crop; but if the landlord furnishes the necessary work animals and farm implements and bears equally with the tenant the expenses of planting and cultivation, the crop shall be divided equally between the parties.” Elpidio R. Quirino (1948-1953)  Executive Order No. 355 It established Land Settlement Development Corporation (LASEDECO) which replaced National Land Settlement Administration. LASEDECO’s main purpose is to facilitate the acquisition, settlement and cultivation of agricultural lands. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1950/10/23/executive-order-no-355-s-1950/ Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957) enacted the following laws:  Republic Act No. 1160 of 1954 It established the National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) which replaced LASEDECO. NARRA’s main purpose is to resettle dissidents and landless farmers. It was particularly aimed at providing resettlement programs for rebel returnees of the Hukbong Magpapalaya ng Bayan, providing home lots and farmlands in Palawan and Mindanao.  Republic Act No. 1400 (Land Reform Act of 1955) It created the Land Tenure Administration (LTA) which was responsible for the acquisition and distribution of large tenanted rice and corn lands over 200 hectares for individuals and 600 hectares for corporations.  Republic Act No. 821 (Creation of Agricultural Credit Cooperative Financing Administration) It provides small farmers and share tenants loans with low interest rates of 6-8% LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited Carlos P. Garcia (1957-1961)  Continued the program of President Ramon Magsaysay. No new legislation passed. Diosdado P. Macapagal (1961-1965)  Republic Act No. 3844 (also known as Agricultural Land Reform Code) This republic act was considered of the most important agrarian reform programs in the country since it alleviated Filipino farmers from bondage of tenancy and improved agricultural labor. For this reason Diosdado Macapagal is considered as the Father of Agrarian Reform. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1963/08/08/republic-act-no-3844/ Ferdinand E. Marcos (1965-1986)  Presidential Decree No. 2, s. 1972 This PD declared the country under land reform program and enacted all agencies and offices of the government to extend full cooperation and assistance to the Department of Agrarian Reform.  Presidential Decree No. 27, s. 1972 It restricted land reform scope to tenanted rice and corn lands and set the retention limit at 7 hectares. Corazon C. Aquino (1986-1992)  Republic Act No. 6657 (also known as Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law) It considers the welfare of the landless farmers and farmworkers will receive the highest consideration to promote social justice and to move the nation toward sound rural development and industrialization, and the establishment of owner cultivatorship of economic-size farms as the basis of Philippine agriculture. And further promote the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program. The law was signed on June 10, 1988 and took effect on June 15, 1988. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1988/06/10/republic-act-no-6657/ Fidel V. Ramos (1992-1998)  Republic Act No. 7905, s. 1995 It strengthened the implementation of the CARP, through establishment of Support Services Office under DAR, and creation of Provincial LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited Agrarian Reform Coordinating Committee (PARCCOM) for every province. https://media.dar.gov.ph/source/2018/06/23/republic-act-no-7905.pdf  Executive Order No. 363, s. 1997 It provides guidelines for the protection of agricultural lands and limits the type of lands that may be converted by setting conditions under which specific categories of agricultural land are either absolutely non- negotiable for conversion or highly restricted for conversion. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1997/10/09/administrative-order-no-363-s-1997/  Republic Act No. 8435, s. 1997 (Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act) This act prescribed some useful measures to modernize agriculture and fisheries for a sustained amount of increase in the goods and services produced by this sector thus improving the quality of life for all. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1997/12/22/republic-act-no-8435-s-1997/  Republic Act 8532, 1998 (Agrarian Reform Fund Bill) Provided an additional Php50 billion for CARP and extended its implementation for another 10 years. Joseph E. Estrada (1998-2000)  Executive Order N0. 151, 1999 (Farmer’s Trust Fund) This EO established farmer’s trust fund development program to mobilize long term private sector capital for rural development and eradication of poverty. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1999/09/27/executive-order-no-151-s-1999/ Gloria Macapacal-Arroyo (2000-2010)  Memorandum Circular No. 04 s. 2003 It enacted a development program for some agrarian zones which are in need of more attention from the government. It is also known as the KALAHI ARZone (Kapit-bisig Laban sa Kahirapan Agrarian Reform Zones). It aims to improve the quality of life of disadvantaged families and reform beneficiaries through basic agricultural support services. https://media.dar.gov.ph/source/2019/08/05/2003-mc-4-operationalizing-the-development- of-kapit-bisig-laban-sa-kahirapan-agrarian-reform-zones-kalahi-arzone.pdf LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited CARP Accomplishment, December 2002 Scope Accomplishment Accomplishment (hectares) (%) DENR Public A & D lands 2 502 000 1 235 922 49 ISF areas 1 269 411 1 335 999 105 Subtotal 3 771 411 2 571 921 68 DAR Subtotal 4 290 453 3 249 260 76 Total 8 061 864 5 821 181 72 Agrarian Reform Community (ARC) Official development assistance portfolio, end 2002 Status No. of projects Project cost1 (p million) (US$ million) Completed projects 21 5 320 266 Ongoing projects 17 33 920 1 696 Proposal approved 1 1 120 56 Total 39 40 360 2 018 Poverty situation, the Philippines Poverty incidence (%) 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 Rural 53.1 45.7 48.6 45.4 36.9 41.3 Urban 21.7 16.0 20.1 18.6 11.9 13.2 Source: "Policy issues affecting the agrarian reform programme in the Philippines" a PowerPoint presentation by Arsenio D. Basilican at the FAO - TSARRD workshop, Davao City, Philippines, in October 2002. Benigno Aquino III (2010-2016)  Agrarian Reform Community Connectivity and Economic Support Services (ARCCESS) Project It is an intervention program for agrarian reform beneficiaries to maintain the land they received through 5 major components, which includes common service facilities (CSFs) for production and processing, agri-technology and agri-extension services, business LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited development services, credit facilitation, and land tenure improvement. These components were offered by DAR. https://www.dar.gov.ph/services/technical-advisory-support/arccess  Executive Order No. 26, s. 2011 It initiated an interdepartmental convergence initiative for a national greening program, consists of Department of Agrarian Reform, Department of Agriculture and Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), in cooperation with the Department of Education (DepEd), Commission on Higher Education (CHED), Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD), Department of Budget and Management (DBM), private sector and other concerned agencies and institutions. II. Conclusion Overall, we have seen how several agrarian reform programs changes over time. Particularly, changes were brought by people initiation to have a better living and of course it is brought by the need of Philippine social, economic and political aspect. The Agrarian reform policies’ main goal is to redistribute the land more efficiently to boost our agricultural production and to protect and support our farmers. This effort is a difficult task to do, since who among the wealthy people would follow the policies and surrender their land in exchange of some amount of money, when in fact, land is one of the greatest investments since its value is increasing over time. Another factor that makes agrarian reform program challenging, is how politicians promote and support this kind of policies. As we all know, most of the politicians in our country belongs to wealthy families who owned vast land. Setting aside their profession, can we really expect that these wealthy politicians support agrarian reform programs which could lessen their properties? However, since they are political leaders, they should not consider their personal interests when making laws or decisions for the whole country. LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY