Lesson 3 - Air Environment and Pollutions PDF

Week 3 – Air Environment and Pollutions ESENV130- Environmental Science and Engineering At the end of the session, the students shall be able to: Discuss the six major air pollutants. Differentiate primary and secondary air pollutants. Familiarize with the country’s rules and regulatio...

Week 3 – Air Environment and Pollutions ESENV130- Environmental Science and Engineering At the end of the session, the students shall be able to: Discuss the six major air pollutants. Differentiate primary and secondary air pollutants. Familiarize with the country’s rules and regulations pertaining to air pollution and control. Air Pollution The air that surrounds us have a natural pollution that includes, salt particles, smoke, dust, pollen, and ash. Air pollution directly affects humans because air pollution and weather is linked together. One of the most tragic air pollution that has ever happened occurred in December 1952 in London. The smoke pollution has killed more than 4,000 people. Air pollution Air pollutants are grouped into two branches. These are: Primary pollutants which are pollutants or harmful emissions directly from known sources. Secondary pollutants, also called precursors, are pollutants which are a product of chemical reactions with other primary pollutants in the atmosphere. Air pollution There are six major primary pollutants and these are: particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), sulfur oxides (SOx) nitrogen dioxide (NO2), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon monoxide (CO) Lead (Pb) Air pollution Particulate Matter Total suspended particulate matter (TSP), with additional subcategories of particles smaller then 10 μm in diameter (PM10), and particles smaller than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5). PM can exist in solid or liquid form, and includes smoke, dust, aerosols, metallic oxides, and pollen. Sources of PM include combustion, factories, construction, demolition, agricultural activities, motor vehicles, and wood burning. Inhalation of enough PM over time increases the risk of chronic respiratory disease, eye irritation, asthma, bronchitis, lung damage, cancer, heavy metal poisoning, and other cardiovascular effects. Air Pollutants Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a compound that is colorless, but has a suffocating, pungent odor. Nitrogen dioxide, NO2 is a reddish-brown gas with a sharp odor. Carbon monoxide (CO) is an odorless, colorless gas formed from the incomplete combustion of fuels. Thus, the largest source of CO today is motor vehicles. The largest source of Pb in the atmosphere has been from leaded gasoline combustion, but with the gradual elimination worldwide of lead in gasoline, air Pb levels have decreased considerably. Air Pollutants Tropospheric (“low-level”) ozone (O3) is a secondary pollutant formed when sunlight causes photochemical reactions involving NOX and VOCs. Automobiles are the largest source of VOCs necessary for these reactions. Ozone concentrations tend to peak in the afternoon, and can cause eye irritation, aggravation of respiratory diseases, and damage to plants and animals. Secondary Pollutants Air pollutants in the urban areas as well as industrial areas are often called smog. One particular smog, photochemical smog, is a mixture of gases and particles which is a result when sunlight causes photochemical reactions in the atmosphere. One major component of this smog is ozone. Factors affecting air pollution The amount of harmful emissions launched into the atmosphere. Changes in atmospheric conditions mainly on the strength of the wind and stability of the air. The strength of the wind dictates how well the pollution is mixed with clean air. A greater mixing results to a better air quality. The stability of the air is based on temperature inversions. Diffusion is inhibited and air pollution is highly concentrated in air polluted areas when there is inversion and where winds are light. DENR Administrative order No. 14 series of 1993 DAO 14 discusses the air quality and rules and regulations relating to air pollution control. DENR Administrative order No. 14 series of 1993: Terminologies "Acid Mist" - minute liquid droplets of any acid "Air Pollutant" or "Air Impurity" or "Air Contaminant" -- any matter found in the atmosphere other than oxygen, nitrogen, water vapor, carbon dioxide and the inert gases. "Air Pollutant Source" or "Source" - any identifiable piece of process equipment at, from, or by reasons of which there is emitted into the atmosphere any pollutant(s). "Airborne Dust" - minute solid particles released into or carried into the atmosphere DENR Administrative order No. 14 series of 1993: Terminologies “Control Equipment"- any apparatus for separating any air impurities from their gas medium. It is also any device used for the purpose of limiting or reducing air pollutants; to indicate or record air pollution "Fly Ash" - any solid particulate matter capable of being gas-borne and consisting essentially of fused ash and/or partially burned materials "Fuel-burning Equipment" - any equipment, device including ducts, breechings, fuel-feeding equipment, ash removal equipment, and chimneys "Fuel-burning Steam Generators" - furnaces and boilers which produce steam by combustion of liquid, solid or gaseous fuels. DENR Administrative order No. 14 series of 1993: Terminologies "Fugitive Particulate" - the particulate matter which escapes and becomes airborne without passing or being conducted through a pipe, stack or other structure. "Fumes" - an airborne colloidal system which is formed by chemical reactions or by processes such as combustion, distillation, sublimation, calcination or condensation “Incinerator" - any equipment used primarily for destruction DENR Administrative order No. 14 series of 1993: Terminologies "Major Source" or "Facility" - any source or sources for which the potential emission rate after air pollution control equipment has been installed "New Source" – any equipment, or establishment which generates, emits or disposes air impurities into the atmosphere “Smoke" - gas-borne particulates resulting from incomplete combustion “Normal Cubic Meter" (NCM) - the volume of dry gas which occupies a cubic meter measured at (25C) and at an absolute pressure equivalent to (760) mm Hg. "Ringelmann Chart" - the chart described in the U.S. Bureau of Mines, Information Circular No. 8333 and No. 7718, and used for measuring smoke density. DENR Administrative order No. 14 series of 1993 Section 58 of DAO 14 is entitled the National Emission Standards for Smoke and Particulate Matter for Stationary Sources a. Visible Opacity Standard for Smoke The opacity of smoke emitted from any point of emission in all stationary sources determined in accordance with the provisions of these Rules and Regulations shall be such that, when compared in the appropriate manner with the Ringelmann Chart or an equivalent method approved by the Department, visible emission shall not appear darker than Shade 1 on the chart. Shade1 Shade2 Shade3 Shade4 DENR Administrative order No. 14 series of 1993 b. Maximum Permissible Emission Limits for Particulate Matter For any source, industry or process, the maximum permissible limits for particulate matter in the effluent gas measured at the point of emission, or after completion of the process and before admixture with atmospheric air, shall be in accordance with: DENR Administrative order No. 14 series of 1993 Section 62 of DAO 14 is entitled National Ambient Air Quality Guidelines (NAAQG) and Standards a. Criteria Pollutants For the purpose of protecting the public health and welfare and reducing damage to property as well as providing an air quality management control strategy for emission limitation from mobile and stationary sources, location of commercial, industrial and residential facilities, and to assist in the promotion and use of an improved transportation system, the hereunder National Ambient Air Quality Guidelines in Table-3 are hereby established. DENR Administrative order No. 14 series of 1993 Section 62 of DAO 14 is entitled National Ambient Air Quality Guidelines (NAAQG) and Standards b. Source Specific Pollutants – National Ambient Standards For any industrial establishment or operation, the discharge of air pollutants that result in airborne concentrations in excess of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards shown in Table 4 shall not be permitted. Sampling shall be done at an elevation of at least two (2) meters above the ground level and conducted either at the property line or at a downwind distance of five to twenty times the stack height, whichever is more stringent. DAO 14: Prohibited Acts a. Fugitive Particulates 1. No person shall cause, permit, or allow the emissions of fugitive particulates from any source whatsoever, including; but not limited to, vehicular movement, transportation of materials, construction, alteration, demolition or wrecking, or industry-related activities such as loading, storing or handling without taking reasonable precautions to prevent such emission. Such reasonable precaution shall include, but not be limited to the following: a. use, where possible, of water or chemicals for control of dust in the demolition of existing buildings or structure, construction operations, quarrying operations, grading of roads or the clearing of land; b. application of asphalt, oil, water, or suitable chemicals on dirt and unpaved roads, materials stockpiles, and other surfaces which can give rise to airborne dusts problems; DAO 14: Prohibited Acts c. installation and use of hoods, fans and fabric filters to enclose and vent the handling of dusty materials. Adequate containment methods shall be employed during sandblasting or other similar operations. d. covering open loaded trucks transporting materials likely to give rise to airborne dust DAO 14: Prohibited Acts b. Volatile Organic Compounds Emissions or Organic Compound Emission 1. Storage and Handling of Volatile Organic Compound No person shall place, store, or hold in any stationary tank, reservoir, or other container of more than 150,000 liters capacity any volatile organic compounds unless such tank, reservoir, or other container is a pressure sufficient, under normal conditions, to prevent vapor or gas loss to the atmosphere. DAO 14: Prohibited Acts 2. Waste Gas Disposal No person shall cause or permit the emission of more than 7.0 kg per day of waste gas from any ethylene emission source unless the waste gas stream is properly burned at 704C for 0.3 second or direct-flame afterburner, or burned in a smoke flare or an equally effective device as approved by the Department. This provision shall not apply to emergency reliefs and vapor blowdown systems. 3. Organic solvents No person shall cause or permit the emission of more than 1.5 kg. Of organic solvents in any one hour, nor more than 7.0 kg. In any one day, from any article, machine, equipment, or other contrivance unless such article, machine, equipment, or other contrivance is provided with an acceptable ventilation and control system approved by the Department. DAO 14: Prohibited Acts c. Nuisance No person shall discharge from any source whatsoever such quantities of air contaminants or other material which constitute nuisance as defined under Act. 694 to 707 of R.A. 886, otherwise known as Civil Code of the Philippines. d. Open Burning No person shall ignite, cause to be ignited, or maintain any open fire except as follows: 1. Open fires for the cooking of food for human consumptions. 2. Fires for recreational or ceremonial purposes. 3. Fires to abate a fire hazard, provided the hazard is so declared by the fire department. DAO 14: Prohibited Acts 4. Fires for the prevention and control of diseases or pests. 5. Fires for the disposal of dangerous materials, when there is no practical alternative method of disposal and burning, if approved by the Department. 6. Fires for training personnel in the methods of fighting fires. 7. Fires purposely set for recognized agricultural, forest and wildlife management practices. 8. Open fire specifically or expressly approved by the Department. DAO 14: Prohibited Acts e. General Restrictions: 1. No plant or source shall operate at capacities which exceed the limits of operation or capability of a control device to maintain the air emission within the standard limitations imposed by the Rules and Regulations of this Chapter or by relevant permit conditions issued in writing by the Department. 2. No person shall build, erect, construct, install, or implant any new source, or operate, modify, or rebuild an existing source, or by any other means release or take action which would result in the release of air pollutants into the atmosphere and result in, together with the concentrations of existing air pollutants, ambient air concentration greater than the ambient air quality standards specified in Table 4 of Section 62 of this Chapter. DAO 14: Prohibited Acts 3. No person shall build, erect install or use any article, machine, equipment or other contrivance, the use of which will conceal an emission which would otherwise constitute a violation of any of the provisions of this Chapter. 4. No person shall cause or permit the installation or use of any device or any means which, without resulting in reduction in the total amount of air contaminant emitted, conceals or dilutes any emission of air contaminant which would otherwise violate the provisions of this Chapter. DAO 14: Source Monitoring, Record Keeping and Testing a. The Department may require the owner or operator of any source to install, use, and maintain such monitoring equipment, sample such emissions, and such ambient air pollutants that are significant for a particular industry, establish and maintain such records, and make such periodic reports as the Department shall prescribe. For each major source, moreover, it shall be the responsibility of the owner or operator to install, without waiting for any directive from the Department to sample ambient air quality around the source and either sample emissions from each stack or provide equivalent determination acceptable to the Department, such as those provided for under Section 65. b. All analyses and tests shall be conducted in a manner specified by the Department. Results of the analyses and tests shall be calculated and reported in a manner specified by the Department.  DAO 14: Source Monitoring, Record Keeping and Testing c. A person responsible for the emission of air pollutants from any source shall, upon direction of the Department, provide in connection with such sources and related source operations, such sampling and testing facilitates exclusive of treatment and sensing devices as may be necessary for the proper determination of the nature and quantity of air pollutants which are or may be emitted as a result of such operation. d. Authorized representatives of the Secretary, upon presentation of proper credentials, may at reasonable time have access to and copy records, inspect any monitoring equipment or method to determine its accuracy, and sample any emissions or ambient air quality which the owner or operator of such source is required under these regulations. e. When the Department upon investigation, has good reasons to believe that the provisions of this Chapter concerning emission of pollutants are being violated, it may, by notice in writing, require the person responsible for the source of pollutants to conduct tests which will identify the nature and quantity of pollutant emission from the source and to provide the results of said test to the Department. Republic Act 8749: The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999: Terminologies "Air pollutant" means any matter found in the atmosphere other than oxygen, nitrogen, water vapor, carbon dioxide, and the inert gases in their natural or normal concentrations, that is detrimental to health or the environment, which includes but not limited to smoke, dust, soot, cinders, fly ash, solid particles of any kind, gases, fumes, chemical mists, steam and radio-active substances "Air pollution" means any alteration of the physical, chemical and biological properties of the atmospheric air, or any discharge thereto of any liquid, gaseous or solid substances that will or is likely to create or to render the air resources of the country. Republic Act 8749: The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999: Terminologies "Ambient air quality guideline values" mean the concentration of air over specified periods classified as short-term and long-term which are intended to serve as goals or objectives for the protection of health and/or public welfare. "Ambient air quality" means the general amount of pollution present in a broad area; and refers to the atmosphere's average purity as distinguished from discharge measurements taken at the source of pollution. "Certificate of Conformity" means a certificate issued by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources to a vehicle manufacturer/assembler or importer certifying that a particular new vehicle or vehicle type meets the requirements provided under this Act and its rules and regulations  Republic Act 8749: The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999: Terminologies "Greenhouse gases" mean those gases that can potentially or can reasonably be expected to induce global warming, which include carbon dioxide, methane, oxides of nitrogen, chorofluorocarbons, and the like. "Octane Rating or the Anti-Knock Index (AKI)" means the rating of the antiknock characteristics of a grade or type of automotive gasoline as determined by dividing by two (2) the sum of the Research Octane Number (RON), plus the Motor Octane Number (MON) "Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS)" mean those substances that significantly deplete or otherwise modify the ozone layer in a manner that is likely to result in adverse effects on human health and the environment such as, but not limited to, nchlorofluorocarbons, halons, and the like.  Republic Act 8749: The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999: Terminologies "Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)" mean the organic compounds that persist in the environment, bioaccumulate through the food web, and pose a risk bof causing adverse effects to human health and the environment. These compounds resist photolytic, chemical and biological degradation, which shall include but not be limited to dioxin, furan, Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides, such as aldrin, dieldrin, DDT, hexachlorobenzene, lindane, toxaphere and chlordane "Standard of performance" means a standard for emissions of air pollutant which reflects the degree of emission limitation achievable through the application of the best system of emission reduction, taking into account the cost of achieving such reduction "Stationary source" means any building or immobile structure, facility or installation which emits or may emit any air pollutant. Republic Act 8749: The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 Article 1 section 3 of RA 8749 states the policies of the state. These are the following: Formulate a holistic national program of air pollution management that shall be implemented by the government through proper delegation and effective coordination of functions and activities. Encourage cooperation and self-regulation among citizens and industries though the application of market-based instruments. Focus primarily on pollution prevention rather than on control and provide for a comprehensive management program for air pollution. Republic Act 8749: The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 Article 1 section 3 of RA 8749 states the policies of the state. These are the following: Promote public information and education to encourage the participation of an informed and active public in air quality planning and monitoring. Formulate and enforce a system of accountability for short and long-term adverse environmental impact of a project, program or activity. This shall include the setting up of a funding or guarantee mechanism for clean-up and environmental rehabilitation and compensation for personal damages. Republic Act 8749: The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 Chapter 2 of RA 8749 tackles the Air Quality Management system. Article 1 Sec. 6: Air Quality Monitoring and Information Network. - The Department shall prepare an annual National Air Quality Status Report which shall be used as the basis in formulating the Integrated Air Quality Improvement Framework Article 1 Sec. 7: Integrated Air Quality Improvement Framework. – The Department shall, within six (6) months after the effectivity of this Act, establish, with the participation of LGUs, NGOs, POs, the academe and other concerned entities from the private sector, formulate and implement the Integrated Air Quality Improvement Framework for a comprehensive air pollution management and control program. The framework shall, among others, prescribe the emission reduction goals using permissible standards, control strategies and control measures to be undertaken within a specified time period, including cost-effective use of economic incentives, management strategies, collective action, and environmental education and information. Republic Act 8749: The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 Chapter 2 of RA 8749 tackles the Air Quality Management system. Article 1 Sec. 8: Air Quality Control Action Plan. - Within six (6) months after the formulation of the framework, the Department shall, with public participation, formulate and implement an air quality control action plan consistent with Section 7 of this Act. The action plan shall: Include enforceable emission limitations and other control measures, means or techniques, as well as schedules and time tables for compliance. Provide for the establishment and operation of appropriate devices, methods, systems and procedures necessary to monitor, compile and analyze data on ambient air quality Republic Act 8749: The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 Chapter 2 of RA 8749 tackles the Air Quality Management system. Article 1 Sec. 11: Air Quality Control Techniques - Simultaneous with the issuance of the guideline values and standards, the Department, through the research and development program contained in this Act and upon consultation with the appropriate advisory committees, government agencies and LGUs, shall issue, and from time to time, revise information on air pollution control techniques. Republic Act 8749: The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 Techniques refer to the: Best available technology and alternative methods of prevention, management and control of air pollution Best available technology economically achievable which shall refer to the technological basis/standards for emission limits applicable to existing, direct industrial emitters of non-conventional and toxic pollutants Alternative fuels, processes and operating methods which will result in the elimination or significant reduction of emissions Republic Act 8749: The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 Article 4 Section 21. Pollution from Motor Vehicles. a) The DOTC shall implement the emission standards for motor vehicles set pursuant to and as provided in this Act. To further improve the emission standards, the Department shall review, revise and publish the standards every two (2) years, or as the need arises. It shall consider the maximum limits for all major pollutants to ensure substantial improvement in air quality for the health, safety and welfare of the general public. Republic Act 8749: The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 The following emission standards for type approval of motor vehicles shall be effective by the year 2003: a) For light duty vehicles, the exhaust emission limits for gaseous pollutants shall be: Emission Limits for Light Duty Vehicles Type Approval (Directive 91/441/EEC) Republic Act 8749: The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 b) For light commercial vehicles, the exhaust emission limit of gaseous pollutants as a function of the given reference mass shall be: Emission Limits for Light Commercial Vehicles Type Approval (Directive 93/59/EEC) Republic Act 8749: The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 c)pollutants For heavy duty vehicles, the exhaust emission limits of gaseous shall be: Fuel evaporative emission for spark-ignition engines shall not exceed 2.0 grams hydrocarbons per test. Likewise, it shall not allow any emission of gases from crankcase ventilation system into the atmosphere. Republic Act 8749: The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 Article 5: Pollution from other sources Section 24. Pollution from Smoking. - Smoking inside a public building or an enclosed public place including public vehicles and other means of transport or in any enclosed area outside of one's private residence, private place of work or any duly designated smoking area is hereby prohibited under this Act. This provision shall be implemented by the LGUs. Section 25. Pollution from Other Mobile Sources: - The Department, in coordination with appropriate agencies, shall formulate and establish the necessary standards for all mobile sources other than those referred to in Section 21 of this Act. The imposition of the appropriate fines and penalties from these sources for any violation of emission standards shall be under the jurisdiction of the DOTC. Republic Act 8749: The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 Article 5: Pollution from other sources Section 26. Fuels and Additives. - Pursuant to the Air Quality Framework to be established under Section 7 of this Act, this Department of Energy (DOE), co-chaired by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), in consultation with the Bureau of Product Standards (BPS) of the DTI, the DOST, the representatives of the fuel and automotive industries, academe and the consumers shall set specifications for all types of fuel and fuel-related products, to improve fuel composition for increased efficiency and reduced emissions: Provided, however, That the specifications for all types of fuel and fuelrelated products set-forth pursuant to this section shall be adopted by the BPS as Philippine National Standards (PNS). Republic Act 8749: The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 Article 5: Pollution from other sources Section 30. Ozone-Depleting Substances. - Consistent with the terms and conditions of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer and other international agreements and protocols to which the Philippine is a signatory, the Department shall phase out ozone-depleting substances. PRIME Within sixty (60) days after the enactment of this Act, the Department shall publish a list of substances which are known to cause harmful effects on the stratospheric ozone layer. Section 32. Persistent Organic Pollutants. - The Department shall, within a period of two (2) years after the enactment of this Act, establish an inventory list of all sources of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in the country. The Department shall develop short-term and long-term national government programs on the reduction and elimination of POPs such as dioxins and furans. Such programs shall be formulated within a year after the establishment of the inventory list. Republic Act 8749: The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 Article 5: Pollution from other sources Section 33. Radioactive Emissions. - All projects which will involve the use of atomic and/or nuclear energy, and will entail release and emission of radioactive substances into the environment, incident to the establishment or possession of nuclear energy facilities and radioactive materials, handling, transport, production, storage, and use of radioactive materials, shall be regulated in the interest of public health and welfare by the Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (PNRI), in coordination with the Department and other appropriate government agencies. Republic Act 8749: The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999: Penalties Section 45. Violation of Standards for Stationary Sources. - For actual exceedance of any pollution or air quality standards under this Act or its rules and regulations, the Department, through the Pollution Adjudication Board (PAB), shall impose a fine of not more than One hundred thousand pesos (Php100,000.00) for every day of violation against the owner or operator of a stationary source until such time that the standards have been complied with. The fines herein prescribed shall be increased by at least ten percent (10%) every three (3) years to compensate for inflation and to maintain the deterrent function of such fines. In addition to the fines, the PAB shall order the closure, suspension of development, construction, or operations of the stationary sources until such time that proper environmental safeguards are put in place: Provided, That an establishment found liable for a third offense shall suffer permanent closure immediately.  Republic Act 8749: The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999: Penalties Section 46. Violation of Standards for Motor Vehicles. - No motor vehicle shall be registered with the DOTC unless it meets the emission standards set by the Department as provided in Section 21 hereof. In addition, the driver and operator of the apprehended vehicle shall undergo a seminar on pollution control and management conducted by the DOTC and shall also suffer the following penalties: a) First offense - a fine not to exceed Two thousand pesos (Php2,000.00); b) Second offense - a fine not less than Two thousand pesos (Php2,000.0) and not to exceed Four thousand pesos (Php4,000.00); and c) Third offense - one (1) year suspension of the Motor Vehicle Registration (MVR) and a fine of not less than Four thousand pesos (Php4,000.00) and not more than Six thousand pesos (Php6,000.00).  Republic Act 8749: The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999: Penalties Any violation of the provisions of Section 21 paragraph (d) with regard to national inspection and maintenance program, including technicians and facility compliance shall be penalized with a fine of not less than Thirty thousand pesos (Php30,000.00) or cancellation of license of both the technician and the center, or both, as determined by the DTI. Section 47. Fines and Penalties for Violations of Other Provisions in the Act. - For violations of all other provisions provided in this Act and of the rules and regulations thereof, a fine of not less than Ten thousand pesos (Php10,000.00) but not more than One hundred thousand pesos (Php100,000.00) or six (6) months to six (6) years imprisonment or both shall be imposed. If the offender is a juridical person, the president, manager, directors, trustees, the pollution control officer or the officials directly in charge of the operations shall suffer the penalty herein provided.  Republic Act 8749: The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999: Penalties Section 48. Gross Violations. - In case of gross violation of this Act or its implementing rules and regulations, the PAB shall recommend to the proper government agencies to file the appropriate criminal charges against the violators. The PAB shall assist the public prosecutor in the litigation of the case. Gross violation shall mean (a) three (3) or more specific offenses within a period of (1) year, (b) three (3) or more specific offenses within three (3) consecutive years; (c) blatant disregard of the orders of the PAB, such as but not limited to the breaking of seal, padlocks and other similar devices, or operating despite the existence of an order for closure, discontinuance or cessation of operation; and (d) irreparable or grave damage to the environment as a consequence of any violation or omission of the provisions of this Act. Offenders shall be punished with imprisonment of not less than six (6) years but not more than ten (10) years at the discretion of the court. If the offender is a juridical person, the president, manager, directors, trustees, the pollution control officer or the officials directly in charge of the operations shall suffer the penalty herein provided. Montreal Protocol The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances believed to be responsible for ozone depletion. Montreal Protocol The treaty was opened on September 16, 1987. The phasing out of the less active HCFCs started only in 1996 and will go on till a complete phasing- out is achieved in 2030. At present, 191 countries have become party to the Montreal Protocol. Since the Montreal Protocol was established, CFCs and related cholorinated hydrocarbons have decreased. Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) , two of the most dangerous greenhouse gases (up to 10000 times more potent than CO2), are alleged contributors to anthropogenic global warming. According to the protocol, HCFCs should be completely phased-out by 2030. Since the CFCs themselves are equally powerful as greenhouse gases, the mere substitution of HFCs for CFCs does not significantly increase the rate of anthropogenic global warming, but over time a steady increase in their use could increase the danger that human activity will change the climate. Montreal Protocol Ozone depletion was first discussed by the Governing Council of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) in 1976. Adoption of the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer in 1985. The Vienna Convention encourages intergovernmental cooperation on research, systematic observation of the ozone layer, monitoring of CFC production and the exchange of information. CFC is an organic compound that contains only carbon, chlorine, hydrogen and fluorine produced as a volatile derivative of methane and ethane. Aims of the Montreal protocol The Protocol seeks to protect the ozone layer through a defined approach and a specific set of targets to be met by Parties to phase out ODS. To phase out the use of ODS – CFCs by 2010, methyl bromide by 2015 by restrictions in trade in ODS through an import/export licensing system and the phase out of CFC production facilities. Kyoto Protocol A protocol used by the UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) which is an international treaty that aims to limit global warming Kyoto Protocol legally binds modern countries to reduce their emissions of greenhouse gases. Kyoto Protocol The treaty was negotiated in Kyoto, Japan in December 1997 Open for signature on March 16, 1998 Closed on March 15, 1999 The agreement came into force on February 16, 2005 The Protocol’s first commitment period will end in 2012 Aims of the Kyoto Protocol To cut global emission of greenhouse gasses. To prevent the rise of temperature of 1.4 degrees Celsius (2.50F) to 5.8 degrees Celsius (10.40F) between 1990 and 2100, which is predicted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Scope of the Kyoto Protocol Only parties to the convention that have also become parties to the protocol will be bound by the protocol’s commitments. Currently 169 countries and one regional economic integration organization (the EIO) have ratified the Protocol to date (14th February 2007). Annexes Annex I parties are the industrialized countries that were members of the OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) in 1992, plus countries with economies in transition (the EIT Parties), including the Russian Federation, the Baltic States, and several Central and Eastern European States. Non-Annex I parties are developing countries that are vulnerable to the effects of climate change, the convention helps these countries through investments, insurance, and technology transfer. Philippines is in the Non – Annex I party. Annex 1 Countries Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Liechenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States of America Requirements for Annex 1 countries Major industrialized countries (Annex I) that ratify the pact must limit emissions by an average 5.2 percent from 1990 levels by 2012 Non-participating countries United States of America, which accounted for 36% of carbon dioxide emission in 1990. Australia one of the biggest emitters on per capita basis. The Philippines become the member of the protocol on April 15, 1998 and ratified/accepted on November 20, 2003 Trading “credits” Emissions reductions are measured in terms of tons of carbon dioxide equivalent emission reductions, often termed "carbon credits" Emissions trading works by allowing countries to buy and sell their agreed allowances of greenhouse gas emissions. Highly polluting countries can buy unused "credits" from those which are allowed to emit more than they actually do. Many poor countries have signed the protocol. However, they do not have to commit to specific targets, but they have to report their emissions levels and develop national climate change mitigation program.  Questions? Clarifications? Thank you for listening!