LESSON 2.pptx

Microbiolo gy PATHOGE NS Disease: normal body functions are disrupted Pathogen: disease any microbe that causes Noninfectious disease: can’t be spread from person to person • Genetic disorder (hemophilia) • Smoking • Lack of exercise • High fat diet Infectious disease: passed from one Immunity...

Microbiolo gy PATHOGE NS Disease: normal body functions are disrupted Pathogen: disease any microbe that causes Noninfectious disease: can’t be spread from person to person • Genetic disorder (hemophilia) • Smoking • Lack of exercise • High fat diet Infectious disease: passed from one Immunity: ability to resist a disease 1.Air 2.Contaminated objects 3.person to person 4.Animal vector (mosquito) 5.Food & water Vectors: organisms that transmit pathogens from a host to a new organism Carrier: an organism with the You bring them in. The key: Wash your hands properly. Experts advise that friction (especially between the fingers) and duration are both important ( CDC, 2013). Wash for 20 to 30 seconds, or the amount of time it takes to sing "The Alphabet Song" http://www.healthline.com/health-slideshow/germy -places#1 Dirty laundry Wet laundry PORTALS OF E NTRY • Respiratory Tract nose, mouth, lungs • Gastrointestinal Tract throat, stomach, intestines • Mucous membranes nose, eyes • Penetration bites, cuts, injections B A C T E R I A LD I S E A S E S • many are contagious • prokaryotic, unicellular • everywhere- some are beneficial • Digestion, decomposers, photosynthesizers, critical components of ecosystems, bioremediation • Some are pathogens in food, water, cuts • Reproduce quickly, using nutrients the body needs- sickness • Most pathogenic bacteria produce toxins that disrupt normal cell functions- sickness • Antibiotics can kill or slow growth of 1. Bacilli- rodshaped 2. Coccispherical 3. Spirilla- long spiral SHAP ES EXAMPLES Cocci: Staphylococcus (Staph), Streptococcus (Strep Throat) Bacilli: Escherichia coli (E. coli; 0157:H7), Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax), Clostridium botulinum (Botulism Toxin Producer) Spirilla: Campylobacter jejuni (causes diarrhea esp. in children), Helicobacter pylori (causes peptic ulcers) • Endospore: dormant version of the bacteria • When conditions improve, endospore splits & bacteria become active again • Scientists found bacteria inside an insect preserved in amber 30 million years ago; when endosperm was moistened, bacteria began to grow again! http://archives.microbeworld.org/scientists/all_profiles/inter REPRODUCTI ON Binary fission single cell divides into two identical daughter cells VIRAL DISE • All are pathogenic ASES • Strange code names based on how they were identified or isolated • Not alive • Not made of cells- only reproduce • Lytic cycle: Need to hijack a living cell’s nucleus, program it to make copies of itself to reproduce until that cell overworks, dies & spills out hundreds of copies of the virus • Common cold- VECTOR: air/touch • HIV- VECTOR: bodily Capsid; protein coat Nucleic Acid: DNA or RNA Virus purpose: REPRODUCTION- to pass on genetic information Bacterioph age • Average person has 2 cold viruses a year: sore throat, sneezing, congestion, headache, runny nose • Vaccines: contain dead pathogens so that the body fights a weak form of the invader; when the body encounters the live version in its lifetime, it will remember exactly how to kill it. • Vaccines are given to young children so immune system can gain strength, to travelers • Anti-viral medications: can help slow down some viruses • Herd immunity- protects groups; if 90% of the population is vaccinated, epidemics never take hold • In vaccinated communities, germs have fewer bodies in which to infect, multiply • Germs have nowhere to breed so infection fizzles out LINK: Animation of Herd immunity Herd Immuniza tion Theory PROBLEM: real populations of immunized & nonimmunized aren’t as evenly distributed as Apple Scab Bacterial Canker Cedar Apple Rust Plants get diseases too. Dampening Off http://www.planetnatural.com/pest-problem-solver/plan PARASITE DIS EASES Protists- unicellular microorganisms; many have insect vectors • Giardia: nausea, cramps, diarrhea • Malaria: Plasmodium Fungi- decomposers that don’t wait until death to start feeding on organism; usually on skin • Athlete’s foot:fungus- skin flakes & itches • Ringworm: fungus- skin itches in red circle patterns ADVAN G. lamblia BAC Athlete’s Foot Ringworm BAC K Flatworms• parasitic Tapeworms • Flukes (liver fluke) • Schistosoma Liver fluke roundworms -nematodes; parasitic; most live in the intestines of host • Pinworms (Enterobius vermicularis) • Hookworms (Necator and Tapewor m ) Pinwor ms BAC Liver fluke life cycle BAC Hookworm Life Cycle NEX T BAC K OTHER: • Dangerous chemicals- poison body (lead in water & air)- damages brain, kidney, liver, learning, behavioral problems • Mutagens- substances that cause cells to mutate (change form) • X-rays, cigarette smoke, sunlight/UV- skin cancer Epidemic: when a large percentage of people become infected in a specific geographical area Pandemic: when it crosses country & continental borders HISTORY - FIGHTING DISEASE Until the 20th C. surgery patients died of bacterial infections. Pasteurization- mid 1800s • Louis Pasteur (French) discovered microorganisms that cause wine to spoil- bacteria • Devised a method to kill the bacteria by heating it: pasteurization Alexander Fleming- 1928 discovered the first antibiotic • Found a mold growing in his Petri dishes & noticed that the fungus was exuding a chemical that was killing the bacteria in Edward Jenner (English) 1796 1st successful vaccination: Jonas Salk- 1950’s American virologist who developed the polio vaccine (viral disease affecting the nerves, leading to paralysis 1979 WHO said smallpox was wiped out due to vaccination Atlant a, Ga TODAY • Pharmaceutical companies study disease & medicine • CDC- Center for Disease Control- US Government agency that studies M SIZES: 1 inch = 250,000 virus germs endto-end 1 inch = 25,000 bacteria end to end 1 inch = 5,000 protist end-to-end 1 inch = 2,500 fungus spore Iend C to Rend OBUGS BI THE 1.Fungus/molds • Athlete’s foot • Thrush • Ringworm 4 G 3. Bacteria • Tuberculosis • Cholera • Gonorrhea • Syphilis • Diptheria • Whooping cough • Typhoid • Skin infections: boils, impetigo, stomach ulcers • Food poisoning • Diarrhea 4. Virus- 1- 1,000 in a few hours All are pathogenic- they hijack host-cells • • • • • • • • • • Colds- flu Rubella Cold sores Herpes Rabies Chicken pox Measles AIDS Hepatitis yellow fever • Cervical H1N1- Swine Flu “SUPERBU GS” • As living things multiply, slight mutations may occur in genetic material • The vast numbers of pathogens as they multiply mean that mutations are likely • Sometimes a chance mutation gives the bug a partial or complete resistance to the drug • The resistant bug multiplies & spreads until scientists find a new drug to kill it • Using antibiotics too often has caused a problem PROBLEM:Nightmare Bacteria • Recently, scientists & doctors have documented populations of bacteria that are pan-resistant: no form of antibiotic will kill it • Nightmare bacteria (CDC’s term) can pass resistance between different strains of bacteria outside of a host (in other vectors such as water) • Some are able to lie dormant in carrier hosts, avoiding detection, thus spreading to others unknowingly WHAT DOES THIS MEAN FOR THE PAST PANDEM ICS PAST PANDEMICS/EPIDEMICSBubonic plague Tuberculosis Smallpox CURRENT PANDEMIC S/EPIDEMI CSHIV/AIDS Regular flu- influenza (viruses called orthomyxoviruses)- some spread from 18001922 Tuberclo sis Bubonic Plague Smallpox Epidemic 1870 RECENTPANDE MICS Flu pandemics/epidemics • Every year the ‘regular’ or ‘seasonal’ flue kills 40,000 US citizens • 1918-1920- Spanish Influenza killed 80 million people • H1N1 Swine Flu Virus- contains parts of several different viruses that previously had affected pigs, birds & then humans • Influenza viruses spread• Coughing • Sneezing • Touching contaminated objects to nose/mouth Bird Flu- (Avian Influenza) 1997 flu first jumped to humans 4 main virus strains (H5N1) • Infects humans in contact with infected poultry- birds’ fluids enter human nose, mouth, cut • Symptoms: fever, headache, joint ache, sickness, sore eyes, nose, throat • Kills 2/3 of sufferers • Antiviral drugs ease symptoms Swine Flu 2009- Mexico & US Virus flue type H1N1 may have been in pigs for years before jumping to people • Spreads person-to-person • Kills fewer than 1 in 250 sufferers • Vaccines were developed quickly African sleeping • Most parasites don’t kill host sickness • Take nutrients from it- sickens/weakens host • Often attacks digestive or circulatory systems • This parasite destroys red blood cells that carry oxygen through the body, making person tired & lethargic (sleepy) Tsetse fly African Sleeping Sickness HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virustargets T-Cells (immune cells) Leads to AIDS- auto immune deficiency • Transmitted via sexual contact, used hypodermic needles • Rapidly mutates differently in each host • Not a cause of death- subsequent infections kill the host b/c immune system is compromised 2008 Ebola 1976 West Africa, named for the Ebola River in the Congo Possible vectors- other primates • virus spread through bodily fluids of a sick individual entering cut/eyes/nose • person is contagious only AFTER feeling sick/showing symptoms (2 week incubation period) • does NOT travel through the air, water, or food • fever, headache, soreness, leading to deadly symptoms of hemorrhaging, organ failure & death INFECTIOUSDI SEASEPREV • Good hygiene or E keeping NTION yourself clean • Washing your hands and bathing regularly • Cover your mouth when you sneeze or cough • don't use hands, use arm • Killing pathogens • antibiotics kill bacteria but not viruses • vaccines CDCprevention prevent both brochure • Certain medications help body build Wash for the length of the Alphabet song!