How Society Is Organized - Political Institutions PDF

How Society is Organized Part 1 Political Institution 1. What do you think are the good characteristics of being a good leader? 2. Do you think everybody can be a leader even the less fortunate? Why? 3. Base on the candidate qualifications particularly the senatorial qualifications,...

How Society is Organized Part 1 Political Institution 1. What do you think are the good characteristics of being a good leader? 2. Do you think everybody can be a leader even the less fortunate? Why? 3. Base on the candidate qualifications particularly the senatorial qualifications, do you think that we can still produce a good leadership? How Society is Organized Part 1 Political Institution Group is a collection of individuals who have regular contact and frequent interaction, mutual influence, common feeling of belongingness, and work together to Social group is a collection of people who regularly interact with one another on the basis of shared expectations concerning behaviour and who share a sense of common identity. The categories of groups based on standards include primary group, secondary group, and reference group. Primary group- family and close friends Secondary group- a university class, club, workers in the office (temporary) Reference group- any group that people see as a source of their identity. KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, AND THE HOUSEHOLD Kinship is a social institution that refers to relations formed between members of society. It explains the nature and reason for the formation of the different types of bonds that exist within members of society. Societies develop kinship relationships in different ways. It can be based on birth or through blood relations, by marriage, or through the acceptance of KINSHIP BY BLOOD Consanguineal kinship or based on blood is considered as the most basic and general form of relations. The relationship existing between parents and their children between siblings, and between nieces/nephews and aunts/ uncles are examples of this kind of kinship. Different societies have different set of cultural practices, norms, and rules pertaining to marriage wherein members follow and conform. Descent- refers to biological relationship; individual’s child or offspring or ancestry. Lineage- refers to the line where one’s descent is traced. = FEMALE MALE = Marriage Bond Descent Bond Condescent Bond  Kinship of Marriage - Affinal kinship or kinship based on marriage refers to the type of relations developed when a marriage occurs. This type of kinship is forged by marriage alliances. Marriage is an important social institution wherein two persons, a man and a woman, enter into family life. During this process, the partners make a public, official, and permanent declaration of their union as lifetime couples. Various forms of marriages 1. Monogamy- happens when both married partners only have ONE spouse or sexual partner. 2. Polygamy- occurs when one individual has multiple spouses or sexual mate. a) polygyny- a man has multiple female partners or mates b) polyandry- a woman has multiple male partners and mates. Marriage Across Cultures ▪ Endogamy- compulsory marriage, in their own village, community, ethnic, social or religious group. ▪ Exogamy or out-marriage- refers to a marriage custom where an individual is required by society’s norms and rules to marry outside of their own group, community, or social classes. Kinship by Ritual Godfather and godmother Through the compadrazgo set up, a relationship between the child’s biological parents, their children, and persons close to the parents but not related by blood become a family. Compadre or kumpare for the male godparent and kumare for the female godparent. Family is made up of group of individuals who have been linked together due to marriage, blood relations, or by adoption and constitutes a single household that interrelated with each other and performs the social roles of a husband, wife, mother, father, brother, and sister. Political and leadership structures Politics has also been influenced by kinship relations. In the Philippines, most politicians elected in public offices and government positions are relatives. This is known in politics as Band and tribes are the simplest form of political systems. Both are characterized by informal political structures that rule them. Chiefdom is a political organization where formal leadership exists and authority rests solely in the members of a select family. Organizing a political community requires the existence of leaders who possess authority that is considered legitimate by the members of the community. Authority is the power to make binding decisions and issue commands. Legitimacy is a moral and ethical concept that bestows one who possess power the right to exercise power that is perceived to be justified and proper.  For authority to be binding and stable, it must be legitimate.