Class 12 Geography Chapter 2 Notes PDF

# Class 12 Geography Chapter 2 Notes in Hindi ## विश्व जनसंख्या वितरण घनत्व और वृद्धि **This chapter explores population distribution, population density, population growth rate, etc.** ## जनसंख्या वितरण * **The distribution of population refers to the arrangement of people on the Earth's surfac...

# Class 12 Geography Chapter 2 Notes in Hindi ## विश्व जनसंख्या वितरण घनत्व और वृद्धि **This chapter explores population distribution, population density, population growth rate, etc.** ## जनसंख्या वितरण * **The distribution of population refers to the arrangement of people on the Earth's surface.** Population isn't distributed evenly; about 90% of the world's population lives in approximately 10% of its land area. * **The 10 most populous countries account for roughly 60% of the world's population.** Six of these countries are located in Asia. ## जनसंख्या घनत्व * **Population density refers to the average number of people living per unit area.** * **This means the ratio of the number of people to the size of the land.** It's typically measured as population per unit area. * **Some regions are densely populated,** including North America, Western Europe, the South, Southwest, and East Asia. * **Other regions have very low population density,** such as the polar regions and the high-rainfall zones near the equator. * **Certain areas have moderate population densities,** including China, Southern India, Norway, and Sweden. ## जनसंख्या घनत्व की गणना * **To calculate population density, divide the total population by the total area.** * **For example**: If a country has a population of 1,000,000 and an area of 10,000 square kilometers, then its population density is 100 people per square kilometer. * **Note:** Areas with a population density of more than 200 people per square kilometer are considered densely populated. ## जनसंख्या वृद्धि दर * **Population growth rate refers to the change in population within a specific time period.** When expressed as a percentage, this is called the population growth rate. ## जनसंख्या वृद्धि दर के प्रकार * **Population growth rate is divided into two categories:** * **(1) धनात्मक वृद्धि दर (Positive Growth Rate):** A positive population growth rate occurs when the birth rate exceeds the death rate. * **(2) ऋणात्मक वृद्धि दर (Negative Growth Rate):** A negative population growth rate happens when the birth rate falls below the death rate. ## (1) जनसंख्या की धनात्मक वृद्धि दर * When the birth rate is higher than the death rate between two time periods, it's called a positive population growth rate. ## (2) जनसंख्या की ऋणात्मक वृद्धि दर * When the birth rate is lower than the death rate between two time periods, it's called a negative population growth rate. ## जनसंख्या की वास्तविक वृद्धि की गणना * **The formula for calculating actual population growth is:** (Birth Rate – Death Rate) + (Immigration – Emigration) ## माल्थस सिद्धान्त * **Thomas Malthus' theory (1893) posits that population increases faster than food supply.** This would create imbalances leading to famine, disease, and war as population pressures outpace resources. ## जनसंख्या वितरण को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक * Population distribution is influenced by: * **(1) Geographical factors:** * **(2) Economic Factors** * **(3) Social and cultural factors** ## 1. प्राकृतिक कारक * **(क) उच्चावच (Topography):** Mountainous, plateau, and rugged terrain have lower populations than plains. This is because plains offer more fertile land suitable for agriculture. River valleys like the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and the Yangtze are densely populated. * **(ख) जलवायु (Climate):** Extreme heat or cold generally lead to sparse populations. Arid or mountainous regions are less populated, while monsoon regions have higher populations, as seen in Asia. * **(ग) मृदा (Soil):** Soil fertility significantly impacts population distribution. Regions with fertile soil suitable for agriculture have higher populations. River valleys with rich alluvium are typically densely populated. * **(घ) जल की उपलब्धता (Water Availability):** People prefer to settle where water is easily accessible. River valleys are some of the most densely populated areas globally. * **(ङ) वनस्पति (Vegetation):** Dense forests generally have lower populations. However, coniferous forests have economic value, leading to some populations in those areas. ## 2. आर्थिक कारक * **(1) परिवहन का विकास (Transportation Development):** Improved transportation networks facilitate access to remote areas, leading to population concentration near transportation hubs. * **(2) नगरीकरण और औद्योगिक क्षेत्रों में उद्योगों और नगरीय केन्द्रों की वृद्धि (Urbanization and Industrialization):** Industrial and urban centers attract people for economic opportunities, leading to higher population densities. * **(3) खनिज निक्षेपों से युक्त क्षेत्र (Mineral Deposits):** Areas with mineral deposits attract people for jobs and economic activity, resulting in higher population concentrations. ## 3. धार्मिक एंव सांस्कृतिक कारक * **(1) धार्मिक कारक (Religious Factors):** Religious factors can cause migrations, as witnessed by the displacement of Jews during World War II. They established Israel as a new homeland, showcasing the impact of religion on population distribution. The apartheid policies in South Africa also influenced population distribution. * **(2) राजनैतिक कारक (Political Factors):** Political instability, wars, and conflicts can force migrations, affecting population patterns. Examples include the Gulf War, the Sri Lankan civil war, and the Iranian Revolution. ## जनसंख्या परिवर्तन के तीन प्रमुख घटक * **(1) जन्मदर (Birth Rate):** The crude birth rate is the number of live births per 1,000 people in a year. Higher birthrates contribute to an increase in population, while lower birthrates lead to slower growth. * **(2) मृत्युदर (Death Rate):** Death rates are also a significant factor in population change. Lower death rates lead to increased populations, often driven by advancements in healthcare and living conditions. * **(3) प्रवास (Migration):** Migration involves the movement of people from one place to another. It can be internal (within a country) or international (across borders). Immigration (moving into a country) increases population, while emigration (moving out of a country) decreases it. ## प्रवास के कारण: * **(1) अपकर्ष कारक (Push Factors):** These factors encourage people to leave their current location, including economic hardship, political persecution, natural disasters, and environmental degradation. * **(2) प्रतिकर्ष कारक (Pull Factors):** These factors attract people to a new location, such as job opportunities, better living conditions, political stability, and educational facilities. ## जनांकिकीय संक्रमण * **The demographic transition theory explains the stages of population change that societies undergo.** It focuses on birth and death rates as they evolve over time. * **The four stages of the demographic transition are:** * **(1) प्रथम अवस्था (Stage 1):** This stage is characterized by high birth rates and high death rates, resulting in slow population growth. Life expectancy is low due to diseases, famine, and lack of healthcare. * **(2) द्वितीय अवस्था (Stage 2):** This stage sees declining death rates due to improved healthcare, sanitation, and nutrition. Birth rates remain high, leading to rapid population growth. * **(3) तृतीय अवस्था (Stage 3):** Birth rates decline due to changing social and economic conditions, including education, family planning, and women's empowerment. Population growth slows down. * **(4) चतुर्थ अवस्था (Stage 4):** Both birth rates and death rates are low, resulting in stable or slightly declining populations. Societies in this stage are often highly developed with high standards of living. * **The demographic transition theory helps understand population trends and provides insights into how societies change over time.** ## जनांकिकीय संक्रमण सिद्धांत का उपयोग: * **The demographic transition theory helps analyze population dynamics and predict future population trends.** ## जनसंख्या वृद्धि से उत्पन्न समस्याएँ:: * **(1) संसाधनों पर अत्याधिक भार (Excessive Strain on Resources):** Rapid population growth puts pressure on resources like food, water, and energy. * **(2) संसाधनों का तीव्र गति से हास (Rapid Depletion of Resources):** With limited resources, population growth can lead to unsustainable consumption and resource depletion. * **(3) जनसंख्या के भरण पोषण में कठिनाई (Difficulty in Sustenance):** Population growth may outstrip the food supply, leading to food shortages and malnutrition. * **(4) विकास की गति का अवरूद्ध होना (Stagnation of Development):** Rapid population growth can divert resources away from education, healthcare, and infrastructure, hampering economic development. ## जनसंख्या हास के परिणाम * **(1) संसाधनों का पूर्ण उपयोग नहीं हो पाता (Underutilization of Resources):** With a shrinking population, resources may go unused, leading to economic inefficiency. * **(2) समाज की आधारभूत संरचना स्वयं ही अस्थिर हो जाती है (Unstable Infrastructure):** Declining populations strain social services and infrastructure, as the tax base shrinks. * **(3) देश का भविष्य चिंता व निराशा में डूब जाता है (Diminishing Prospects):** Population decline can lead to a sense of pessimism about the future, potentially affecting social and economic progress. ## किसी देश की जनसंख्या तीव्र गति से बढ़ने पर वहाँ के आर्थिक विकास पर पड़ने वाले प्रभाव * **Rapid population growth can have both positive and negative effects on economic development.** * **Potential benefits include:** * **(1) Larger workforce:** A growing population can provide a larger workforce for industries, potentially boosting productivity and economic output. * **(2) Increased demand for goods and services:** Higher population levels could stimulate demand for goods and services, driving economic growth. * **However, rapid population growth can also lead to challenges** ## जनसंख्या की तीव्र वृद्धि के कारण अनेक प्रकार की आर्थिक और सामाजिक समस्याएँ उत्पन्न हो जाती है :- * **(1) भोजन की समस्या (Food Scarcity):** Growing populations can outpace agricultural production, leading to food shortages and price increases. * **(2) आवास की समस्या (Housing Shortage):** Rapid urban growth can result in housing shortages, overcrowding, and informal settlements. * **(3) बेरोजगारी (Unemployment):** Rapid population growth can outpace job creation, leading to increased unemployment and poverty. * **(4) निम्न जीवन स्तर (Low Living Standards):** High population densities can put pressure on resources, leading to lower living standards, inadequate healthcare, and limited access to education. * **(5) जनसंख्या का कृषि पर अधिक दबाव: (Population Pressure on Agriculture):** Growing populations require more land for farming, potentially leading to deforestation, soil degradation, and unsustainable agricultural practices. * **(6) बचत में कमी: (Decreased Savings):** High population growth can lead to increased consumption and lower rates of savings, hindering long-term economic growth. * **(7) स्वास्थ्य: (Health Concerns):** Rapid population growth can put strain on healthcare systems, leading to inadequate access to medical services and an increase in infectious diseases.