Lesson-2.-Methods-of-Philosophizing.pptx

LESSON 2: METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING  LEARNING OBJECTIVES Be able to distinguish opinion from truth Be able to realize that the methods of philosophy lead to wisdom and truth Be able to evaluate opinions 2  In today’s society, we encounter a lot of information Most of...

LESSON 2: METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING  LEARNING OBJECTIVES Be able to distinguish opinion from truth Be able to realize that the methods of philosophy lead to wisdom and truth Be able to evaluate opinions 2  In today’s society, we encounter a lot of information Most of the information we receive is helpful, but some may mislead us or may even be utterly false. Every day we are confronted with news, claims and announcements from our peers, family members, figures of authority, the government, and media. How do we know if they telling the truth? 3  In today’s society, we encounter a lot of information Statements about the world or reality are called “propositions” and these propositions may or may not carry truth. Propositions are usually stated as short statements or sentences. 4 WHAT IS TRUTH & WHY IS IT IMPORTANT? 5 Facts is something that is true and can be verified. Opinions expression of judgement or belief about something Conclusion is a judgement based on certain facts. Beliefs are statements that express convictions that are not easily and clearly explained by facts. Explanations are statements that assume the claim to be true and provide reasons why the statement is true. Arguments are a series of statements that provide reasons to convince the reader or listener that a claim or opinion is truthful. Fallacies are arguments based on faulty reasoning. Bias is a disproportionate weight in favor of or against an idea or thing, usually in a way that is close-minded, prejudicial, or unfair. The following are examples o f fallacies. When looking at an opinion, be aware of bias or the personal views of the person presenting it. Biases are not necessarily errors in reasoning, but refer to tendencies or influences which affect the views of people.. Common Biases Methods of Philosophy Lead to Wisdom and Truth 1. Socratic Method Description: This method involves asking a series of probing questions to stimulate critical thinking and illuminate ideas. It encourages dialogue and aims to uncover underlying assumptions. Example: A teacher asks a student, "What is justice?" and follows up with questions that challenge the student’s initial responses, leading to deeper insights. 2. Phenomenology Description: Phenomenology focuses on the study of structures of consciousness as experienced from the first-person point of view. It seeks to describe phenomena as they appear to our awareness, without preconceived notions. Example: Exploring how individuals experience emotions like fear or joy without imposing any external theories or explanations. 15 3. Dialectical Method Description: The dialectical method involves the exchange of logical arguments and counterarguments, leading to the resolution of a contradiction or the synthesis of new ideas. Example: A debate where two opposing views on a moral issue are presented, discussed, and eventually reconciled to form a more comprehensive understanding. 16 4. Logical Analysis Description: This method involves the use of formal logic to analyze the structure of arguments, ensuring that the conclusions follow logically from the premises. Example: Breaking down a complex argument into its basic premises and using logical rules to test its validity. 17 5. Pragmatism Description: Pragmatism assesses the truth of beliefs and theories based on their practical consequences and usefulness. It focuses on what works in practice rather than on abstract principles. Example: Evaluating ethical theories by considering how they apply to real-world situations and their outcomes. 18 6. Empirical Method Description: The empirical method relies on observation, experimentation, and experience as the basis for knowledge. It emphasizes evidence from the senses. Example: Investigating ethical behavior by conducting psychological experiments to see how people actually behave in moral dilemmas. 19 7. Existential Method Description: Existentialism emphasizes individual existence, freedom, and choice. It often involves reflecting on human existence, the nature of self, and the meaning of life. Example: Examining how individuals create meaning in their lives through their choices and actions in an otherwise meaningless world. 20 How will you determine the truth from opinion? An understanding of opinions and facts and the mean to distinguish one from the other can further improve our understanding and appreciation of varied views and ideas. The ability to determine truth goes hand in hand with the holistic perspective and enables us to make wiser decisions, especially in choosing the ideas and views which we find acceptable.  Both the Socratic and A method of Philosophers dialectic method are philosophizing is a questioned what they based on a discussion process of determining knew and even between two or more the truth or drawing people who may carry analyzed their conclusions from a differing views but methods of knowing statement using wish to pursue the in order to have a various philosophical truth by seeking better understanding methods, such as: an agreement with of themselves and of Socratic, dialectic, and one another. the world. empirical. Meanwhile, the The scientific method, Logic is the truth scientific method is also called empirical based on reasoning a process of method, is a process and critical determining truth or of determining truth thinking. It includes analysis and knowledge through or knowledge through construction of experimentation, experimentation, arguments. It serves inductive and inductive and as a path to freedom deductive reasoning, deductive reasoning, from half-truths and and deception. and hypothesis or hypothesis or theory testing. theory testing.  In this type of reasoning, In this type of reasoning, supporting data, facts, conclusion comes first, examples, and evidences come followed by main points, first followed by the main and points and conclusion will be the last will be the the last part. This is the supporting data, facts, opposite of deductive reasoning examples, and evidences. because a particular idea General idea comes first before the general comes first before the idea. specific or particular idea.