LESSON 10- ENZYMES (Commercial, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal).pdf

LESSON 10 ENZYMES (COMMERCIAL, PHARMACEUTICAL, AND MEDICINAL ENZYMES)  LESSON OBJECTIVE Identify the sources and uses of different enzymes.  ENZYMES WITH THEIR SOURCES AND USES (COMMERCIAL, PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICINAL): 1. PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES (Proteases) are enzy...

LESSON 10 ENZYMES (COMMERCIAL, PHARMACEUTICAL, AND MEDICINAL ENZYMES)  LESSON OBJECTIVE Identify the sources and uses of different enzymes.  ENZYMES WITH THEIR SOURCES AND USES (COMMERCIAL, PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICINAL): 1. PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES (Proteases) are enzymes that break down protein. These enzymes are made by animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria. Break down proteins in the body or on the skin. This might help with digestion or with the breakdown of proteins involved in swelling and pain.  EXAMPLES OF PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES 1. Pepsin- is a protease indicated in the treatment of digestive disorders. Pepsin is a potent enzyme in gastric juice that digests proteins such as those in meat, eggs, seeds, and dairy products Obtained from the stomach of sus scrofa, fam. Suidae use: assist in gastric digestion found in gastric juice In neutral or alkaline environment, it is inactive Converts proteins to proteases and peptones proenzyme: pepsinogen which is activated by HCl protein digestion starts in the stomach Digestive aid in pre-cooked foods  EXAMPLES OF PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES 2. Alcalase- Additive to remove protein stains - An alkaline protease that has been used not only for production of protein hydrolysates with better functional and nutritional characteristics than the original proteins, but also for the generation of bioactive peptides.  EXAMPLES OF PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES 3. BROMELAINS Mixture of protein-digesting & milk clotting enzymes from the juice of ananas comosus, fam. Bromeliaceae Meat tenderizer use: adjunctive therapy to reduce inflammation & edema Accelerate tissue repair, especially following episiotomy  EXAMPLES OF PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES 4. Papain- Is an enzyme found in the white fluid (latex) that occurs in raw papaya fruit. It is a protease, meaning it breaks down proteins. Papain contains substances that might help fight infection and heal wounds. Meat/beef tenderizer as skin whitener (papain, natural enzyme that promotes skin renewal and cell turnover. It helps in exfoliating the skin to reveal newer cells, and has restorative properties that soften the skin.) Stabilizer for chill-proof beer  EXAMPLES OF PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES 5. Chymopapain - fruit of carica papaya by squeezing the green papaya while on the plant prior to harvest.  Employed in the treatment of herniated lumbar intervertebral discs, chymopapain is injected into the nucleus pulposus to hydrolyze the noncollagenous polypeptides or proteins that maintain the tertiary structure of the chondromucoprotein  relieves the comprehensive symptoms of lower back pain by lessening osmotic activity and thereby decreasing fluid absorption and reducing intradiscal pressure  EXAMPLES OF PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES 6. Trypsin - An enzyme that aids with digestion.  An enzyme is a protein that speeds up a certain biochemical reaction. Trypsin is found in the small intestine.  It can also be made from fungus, plants, and bacteria. But it is usually made for commercial purposes from the pancreas of livestock.  USES: FOR WOUND DEBRIDEMENT  EXAMPLES OF PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES 6. SUTILAINS From bacillus subtilis use: wound debridement digests soft necrotic tissue that is composed primarily of denatured collagen.  EXAMPLES OF PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES 6. RENNIN- Coagulating enzyme that is present in the mucous membrane of the stomach of animals protein-digesting enzyme that curdles milk by transforming caseinogen into insoluble casein for cheesemaking  EXAMPLES OF PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES 7. Erepsin found in the intestinal juice converts proteoses and peptones into amino acids  EXAMPLES OF PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES 8. Streptokinase It is a purified bacterial protein elaborated by group c ß-hemolytic streptococci supplied as lyophilized powder acts to convert plasminogen to plasmin (degrades not only fibrin clots but also fibrinogen and other Plasma proteins) use: treatment of pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis, arterial thrombosis and embolism, Arteriovenous cannula acclusion and coronary artery thrombosis  EXAMPLES OF PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES 9. Urokinase 10. FIBRINOLYSIN Use: Treatment of blood clots Use: treatment of within the cardiovascular pulmonary embolism, system, exclusive of thrombi of coronary artery the coronary and cerebral thrombosis, and arteries restoring the patency of intravenous catheters  ENZYMES WITH THEIR SOURCES AND USES (COMMERCIAL, PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICINAL): 2. OXIDIZING ENZYME An enzyme that catalyses an oxidation reaction. Two most common types of oxidative enzymes are peroxidases, which use hydrogen peroxide, and oxidases, which use molecular oxygen. They increase the rate at which ATP is produced aerobically.  EXAMPLES OF OXIDIZING ENZYMES 1. Peroxidase Widely distributed in plants Bring about the oxidation reactions that cause the discoloration of bruised fruits Its function is to break down hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)  EXAMPLES OF OXIDIZING ENZYMES 2. Thrombin Also known as COAGULATION FACTOR II, plays a physiological role in regulating hemostasis and maintaining blood coagulation. thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin, which, in combination with platelets from the blood, forms a clot ENZYMES WITH THEIR SOURCES AND USES (COMMERCIAL, PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICINAL): 3. CARBOHYDRASE/AMYLOLYTIC ENZYMES The name of a set of enzymes that catalyze 5 types of reactions, turning carbohydrates into simple sugars, from the large family of glycosidases.  Carbohydrases are produced in the pancreas, salivary glands and small intestine, breaking down polysaccharides  EXAMPLES OF CARBOHYDRASE/AMYLOLYTIC ENZYMES 1. AMYLASE Found in the salivary glands a.K.A. Salivary diastase or ptyalin  Digestive aid in pre- cooked foods  EXAMPLES OF CARBOHYDRASE/AMYLOLYTIC ENZYMES 2. AMYLASE A yellowish white, amorphous powder obtained from an infusion of malt Can convert 50 times its weight of potato starch into sugars  EXAMPLES OF CARBOHYDRASE/AMYLOLYTIC ENZYMES 3. Amylopsin Found in the digestive tract of animals sometimes called “animal diastase” It finishes the digestion of starch to sugar that had begun by the saliva in the mouth. It is quite similar to ptyalin in its power to dissolve carbohydrates.  EXAMPLES OF CARBOHYDRASE/AMYLOLYTIC ENZYMES 4.Invertase or Sucrase Found in yeast and in the intestinal juice Aids in the hydrolysis of sucrose into glucose and fructose Prevention of granulation of sugar in soft- centered candies Catalyze the hydrolysis of cane sugar, or sucrose, to the simple sugars glucose and fructose  EXAMPLES OF CARBOHYDRASE/AMYLOLYTIC ENZYMES 5. ZYMASE- An enzyme complex that catalyzes glycolysis, the fermentation of sugar into ethanol and carbon dioxide. Zymase is also the brand name of the drug pancrelipase. 6. EMULSIN- Any of various enzyme preparations that are obtained usually from plants (as almonds) in the form of white amorphous powders and that contain glycosidases active on beta stereoisomers (as amygdalin or cellobiose) of the glycosides.  EXAMPLES OF CARBOHYDRASE/AMYLOLYTIC ENZYMES 7. MYROSIN-Is an enzyme occurring in various plants of the mustard family (cruciferae) that hydrolyzes the glucoside sinigrin. Used successfully as natural pesticides, killing many soil-borne bacteria, fungi and other plant pathogens 8. AMYLOGLUCOSIDASE- Production of dextrose from starch use in research, biochemical enzyme assays and in vitro diagnostic analysis.  EXAMPLES OF CARBOHYDRASE/AMYLOLYTIC ENZYMES 9. Cellulase- Preparation of coffee liquid concentrate 10. Lactase - Prevention of lactose crystals in ice cream  EXAMPLES OF CARBOHYDRASE/AMYLOLYTIC ENZYMES 10. PECTINASE Used in the extraction, clarification, filtration, and depectinization of fruit juices and wines by enzymatically breaking down the cell wall, and for the maceration of fruits and vegetables  EXAMPLES OF CARBOHYDRASE/AMYLOLYTIC ENZYMES 11. HYALURONIDASE Mucolytic enzyme capable of depolymerizing and catalyzing hyaluronic acid and similar hexosamine-containing polysaccharides spreading and a diffusing factor/agent Promotes diffusion and hastens absorption of subcutaneous infusions AN ESSENTIAL DRUG FOR THE CORRECTION OF COMPLICATIONS AND UNSATISFACTORY RESULTS AFTER FILLER INJECTION (BOTOX)  ENZYMES WITH THEIR SOURCES AND USES (COMMERCIAL, PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICINAL): 4. ESTERASES - Are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of an ester group from a variety of substrates so that the esterified acid is released.  EXAMPLES OF ESTERASES 1. LIPASE - HYDROLYZES FATS INTO GLYCERIN AND FATTY ACIDS FLAVOR PRODUCTION IN CHEESE 2. PECTASE- AN ENZYME OCCURRING IN CERTAIN RIPENING FRUITS: INVOLVED IN TRANSFORMING PECTIN INTO A SOLUBLE FORM  EXAMPLES OF ESTERASES 3. STEAPSIN – Is the other name for the enzyme lipase. This name is used to refer the lipase enzyme in the pancreatic juice. This is one of the digestive enzymes which is responsible for the digestion of fat. 4. UREASE – OBTAINED FROM SOYBEANS. USED AS A LABORATORY REAGENT FOR CONVERTING UREA TO AMMONIA ESSENTIAL IN COLONIZATION OF A HOST UREASE TEST ORGANISM AND IN MAINTENANCE OF BACTERIAL CELLS IN TISSUES  OTHER ENZYMES 1. COLLAGENASE Enzymes that break down the native collagen that holds animal tissues together and, are made by a variety of microorganisms and by many different animal cells USED TO TREAT SEVERE BURNS OR SKIN ULCERS IN ADULTS. The most potent collagenase is the "crude" collagenase secreted by the anaerobic bacteria Clostridium histolyticum.  OTHER ENZYMES 2. L-ASPARAGINASE Is an enzyme that is used as a medication and in food manufacturing. As a medication, l-asparaginase is used to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia It is given by injection into a vein, muscle, or under the skin In food manufacturing it is used to decrease acrylamide.  OTHER ENZYMES 3. LIPOXYGENASE Bread – whitening Used in commercial food production. In bread making, it both bleaches flour and improves dough handling.  WHERE ARE ENZYMES USED TODAY? Humans have used enzymes in brewing, baking and making cheese. While they are still employed for those purposes, the science of enzymes has evolved in leaps and bounds. This has created opportunities for new applications in many industries. Enzymes are also routinely added to detergents to help remove stains from fabrics, caked on food from dirty dishes, and patient soils from surgical instruments, including endoscopes.  MAIN APPLICATION OF ENZYMES IN MEDICINE: Analytical tests: diabetics use strips of paper fertilized with aldohexose enzyme to observe their glucose. The presence of enzymes wherever they must not be gift may also facilitate to diagnose malady. For example, when the liver is diseased or damaged, enzymes leak into the bloodstream. Testing the blood for these enzymes will ensure liver injury. Therapeutic accelerators: enzymes are typically used as medicines to interchange enzyme deficiencies in patients like is that the use of blood coagulation factors to treat bleeder’s disease, or the opposite where proteases are accustomed degrade fibrin; to forestall the formation of dangerous blood clots. Nuclease could be a potential medical care for monogenic disorder, but it is not clear how commercialised and therapeutically successful this has been.  MAIN APPLICATION OF ENZYMES IN MEDICINE: Proteases are accustomed to clean wounds and thus accelerate the healing method. Drug manufacture: the chemical synthesis of complicated medicine is usually troublesome, and corporations apply enzymes to perform chemical conversions In a semi-therapeutic way, enzymes are accustomed to aid digestion, to supplement the natural amylase, lipase and protease produced by the pancreas. People with lactose intolerance lose the enzyme lactase. Lactase supplements facilitate to avoid abdomen upsets for these folks.  INDUSTRIAL USES OF ENZYMES Rennin for coagulation of milk to make cheese. Invertase from yeast and lactase in the food industry. Cellulase and amylase to remove waxes, oils, and starch coatings on fabrics and to improve the look of the final product. Amylase and protease for baking. Lipases in fruit juices to break down cell walls for increased yield. Proteases, lipases, amylases, oxidases, peroxidases, and cellulases in detergents to help break down stains and chemical bonds. Carbohydrase to convert starch into corn syrup. Zymase to convert carbohydrates into ethanol in alcoholic beverages. Cellulases are used to convert cellulose into glucose to improve biofuel yield. Lipase and phospholipase are used in the production of biodiesel by converting free fatty acids to fatty acid methyl esters. Phytases to improve agricultural feed efficiency. -END OF THE SLIDES-