Construction Materials and Testing PDF - Equipment and Quality Control

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS ANDTESTING (LABORATORY APPARATUS & EQUIPMENT USED IN TESTING OF MATERIALS) PREPARED BY: ENGR. LOUIE MAR G.TUMOLVA, SO3 THE FOLLOWING ARE SOME OF APPARATUSES/EQUIPMENT USED IN CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL TESTING: ◾ Sieve Set ◾ Universal Testing Machine ◾ Balance...

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS ANDTESTING (LABORATORY APPARATUS & EQUIPMENT USED IN TESTING OF MATERIALS) PREPARED BY: ENGR. LOUIE MAR G.TUMOLVA, SO3 THE FOLLOWING ARE SOME OF APPARATUSES/EQUIPMENT USED IN CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL TESTING: ◾ Sieve Set ◾ Universal Testing Machine ◾ Balance Beam ◾ Concrete Mixer ◾ Graduated Beaker ◾ Pressure Gauge ◾ Slump Cone ◾ Vicat Apparatus ◾ Various Molds ◾ Electric Oven ◾ Hydrometer BALANCE BEAM OR WEIGHING SCALE A BEAM BALANCE (OR BEAM SCALE) IS A DEVICE TO MEASURE WEIGHT OR MASS. THESE ARE ALSO K N O W N AS MASS SCALES, WEIGHT SCALES, MASS BALANCES, WEIGHT BALANCES, OR SIMPLY SCALES, BALANCES, OR BALANCE SCALES. ◾ The traditional scale consists of two plates or bowls suspended at equal distances from a fulcrum.One plate holds an object of unknown mass (or weight), while known masses are added to the other plate until static equilibrium is achieved and the plates level off, which happens when the masses on the two plates are equal. The perfect scale rests at neutral.A spring scale will make use of a spring of known stiffness to determine mass (or weight). Suspending a certain mass will extend the spring by a certain amount depending on the spring's stiffness (or spring constant). The heavier the object,the more the spring stretches, as described in Hooke's law. Other types of scales making use of different physical principles also exist. GRADUATED BEAKER ◾ In laboratory equipment, a beaker is generally a cylindrical container with a flat bottom. Most also have a small spout (or "beak") to aid pouring, as shown in the picture. Beakers are available in a wide range of sizes, from one milliliter up to several liters. A beaker is distinguished from a flask by having straight rather than sloping sides. SLUMP CONE A metal mold in the form of truncated cone with a top diameter of 102mm (4”), a bottom diameter of 203mm (8”) and a height of 305mm (12”). This is used to fabricate the specimen for a slump test. The concrete slump test is an empirical test that measures the workability of fresh concrete. It measures the consistency of the concrete in that specific batch. This test is performed to check the consistency of freshly made concrete. Workability of concrete is mainly affected by consistency, for example, wetter mixes will be more workable than drier mixes, but concrete of the same consistency may vary in workability. VARIOUS MOLDS There are three (3) types of molds used in material testing lab for preparation of concrete specimen. Cube Molds Sizes: 150mm x 150mm x 150mm 100mm x 100mm x 1000mm 70.6mm x 70.6mm x 70.6mm Cylinder Molds Size of Cylinder Molds – 6 x 12 in. (15.2 x 30.5 cm), and 4 x 8 in (10 x 20 cm) Beam Molds Sizes: 100x100x400 mm 100x100x500 mm 150x150x600 mm UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE A Universal testing machine (UTM) is used to test the mechanical properties (tension, compression etc.) of a given test specimen by exerting tensile, compressive or transverse stresses. The machine has been named so because of the wide range of tests it can perform over different kind of materials. CONCRETE MIXER ◾ A concrete mixer (often colloquially called a cement mixer) is a device that homogeneously combines cement, aggregate such as sand or gravel, and water to form concrete. A typical concrete mixer uses a revolving drum to mix the components. For smaller volume works, portable concrete mixers are often used so that the concrete can be made at the construction site, giving the workers ample time to use the concrete before it hardens. ELECTRIC OVEN Theses ovens have been designed for the drying asphalt, soil, rock, concrete, aggregate or similar materials. Various litre capacity models are available. END OF WEEK 1 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS ANDTESTING (QUALITY CONTROL) PREPARED BY: ENGR. LOUIE MAR G.TUMOLVA, SO3  QUALITY C O N T R O L - Is to regulate and accompanied by economical work, safety and beauty. QUALITY PERFECT QUALITY - is characteristic of a product that provides a level of performances in terms of service and life. ◾ 3 KEYS I N Q U A L I TY C O N T RO L The Quality Control Procedures The selection of Materials ◾ ONWER – there will be work to be done Handling and Storage Materials Sampling andTesting of Materials ◾ IMPLEMENTER – there will be work to be constructed Proper Construction Methods ◾ QUALITY – works are in performance level Inspection and Project Monitoring T H E Q U A L I T Y C O N T R O L PROCEDURES ◾ The Selection of Materials - Information regarding the location of materials sources that will be incorporated into the work may be represented by the following: Raw materials such as soil, sand and bank or river gravel (with littleor no processing) Materials that are processed without basically changing their properties such as washed/manufactured sand, crushed rock and gravel, and etc. Manufactured materials such as bituminous materials,cement,paint, and structural reinforcing steel bar. Combination of materials that may be partly or totally manufactured, such as bituminous and Portland cement concrete. ◾ Handling and Storage of Materials - Materials which are not properly handled are prone to disturbance that may cause issues in the future.To avoid damage, it should be placed in a safe place protected from contamination or the action of water. Water may cause corrosion to the steel and may cause hardening to the cement.Thus, protection of the materials is highly important and should be accessible to the project site. ◾ Sampling andTesting of Materials - All materials for testing requires proper sampling.These are indicated in AASHTO and ASTM. Quality control also required proper testing, construction method and workmanship. Minimum Testing Requirement Quality stated in the program of works is the basis of minimum testing requirement for each project.The requirements specify the kind and number of tests for each item and sizes.This indicates only the minimum and shall not be the only basis of number of testing.When a Government representative inspected a project and there is doubt in a test,another testing can be done immediately. ◾ Proper Construction Methods - Construction methods come in any different ways. Usually,it comes with experience and practical methods but for some materials,methods of construction are given by instructions for each work.The following are the techniques in project handling and construction methods. Technical personnel assigned in the project should be knowledgeable and responsible enough to the project. Project Supervision shall be established first.The hierarchy starts from the Project Engineer,Project Inspector, Materials Engineer, Safety Engineer,Construction Foreman, Skilled and Unskilled Laborers. Construction methods shall be done for each work indicated in the design. The materials shall pass the required specifications. Continues quality control should be done in all terms of work as the construction progresses. Proper equipment for each work item shall be used. Materials quantity shall be well provided. Scarcity of one material can be the basis of delay for each work that may affect other item schedule. Inspection and Project Monitoring Project inspected is vital in project monitoring.The progress reports require inspection of the actual work being carried out,and the work accomplished per week of operation.The purpose of this is to ensure that the materials and workmanship is being done by the hired contractor. How is Quality being controlled? Quality is controlled during construction by testing and inspection of the quality of materials and the method of construction, the latter commonly known as workmanship. QUALITY ASSU RANC E -IS THE CERTAINTY THAT THE MATERIALS ARE REGULATED IN ACCORDANCE WITH SPECIFICATIONS. ◾ TH E PU RPO SE OF Q U A L I TY C O N T RO L ◾ To insure the highest quality of work and extend the service life of any structure by constructing according to the prescribed plans and specifications.The plans indicate the specific type of the structure and the specifications present the characteristic in which it is built,as well as the materials that are to be incorporated into the work. ◾ To check and regulated the use of construction materials and to economize on the cost of construction.Fulfilling these,requires adequate control of materials prior to and after placing to their final position in the structure. Normally, every material should be subjected to testing,inspection and verification before acceptance. END OF WEEK 2 PREPARED BY: ENGR. LOUIE MAR G.TUMOLVA