LESSON 1.pptx

Theoretical Foundations of Nursing that will build the foundation of the nurse in YOU!  Developmental Theories Human development takes on 3 theoretical perspectives 1.Environmentalism 3. Psychoan...

Theoretical Foundations of Nursing that will build the foundation of the nurse in YOU!  Developmental Theories Human development takes on 3 theoretical perspectives 1.Environmentalism 3. Psychoanalyic perspective 2. Organismic perspective CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2018 Modern Perspective in Development Environmentalist The human being is an empty organism at birth British Empiricism The human being is passive, and development is totally achieved by Behaviorism experiencing the environment. Cultural Anthropology The adults role is to shape the child according to socially accepted standards of behavior. Organismic The human being is active in determning its own course of development Naturalism Maturationism Interaction occurs between orgaism and environment so that both are Cognitive involved in varying degrees in the process of development. Developmental Theory Humanism Ethology Moral Development Theory Psychanalytic The human being is not rational but is governed by emotion or appetite Psychoanalysis Development is a process of continuous compromise between the individuals needs and society’s expectations. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2018  THEORITICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING ENVIRONMENTALISM The view emphasizes that people grow to what they are made to be by their environments INCLUDES: British Empiricism Behaviorism Cultural Anthropology CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2018  THEORITICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING Icon British Empiricism The origin of modern environmentalist perspectives can be traced to the ideas of John Locke (1632-1704) who believed that the human mind is a “Blank Slate” at birth, and that all knowledge of the world comes to us through our senses. Children are uncivilized creatures who need adults to shape them into everything they will eventually become. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2018  THEORITICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING Behaviorism Icon John B. Watson (1878-1958) believed that the only way to understand the human organism is through objective observation of behaviors. For him, environmental experiences imposes itself on the person through principles of conditioning and reinforcement. The only behavior worth studying is learned behavior. B.F. Skinner defined operant conditioning as a learning process that depends on reward and punishment. He also talked about the principle of reinforcement. According to Skinner, reinforcement or the perceived consequences of behavior, influences the frequency with which the behavior occurs. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2018  THEORITICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING Behaviorism Icon Albert Bandura (1960s) developed the perspective known as social learning and the key concept is that development is guided by the initiation or avoidance of behavior that is modeled by other people. By observing the consequences of someone else’s action, people could learn how to brush their teeth or how to ride a bicycle. Howard and Tracey Lendler (1950’s-1960s) discovered developmental differences in the ways children and adults learn and solve problems in laboratory settings. They repeat rewarded behaviors and delete behaviors that are not rewarded. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2018  THEORITICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING Cultural Anthropology Icon Margaret Mead (1901-1978) and Ruth Benedict (1887-1948) emphasized the experiential factors in development and claimed that different patterns of child rearing that reflect diverse cultural values would result in a considerable variety of adult characteristics. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2018  INCLUDES: Icon Naturalism.Maturationism ORGANISMIC PERSPECTIVE Icon Cognitive Development Theory Stress the importance of factors within the organism Icon Humanism.Ethology itself. People grow to what they make of themselves to be rather than what the Icon Moral Development Theory environment makes them  Naturalism INCLUDES: Icon Animal feelings of pleasure & pain (0-5 yrs) Icon Savage sensory awareness (5-12 yrs) (1712-1778) Icon Rational functioning and exploration Jean Jacques Rousseau’s (12-15 yrs) (1712-1778) philosophy Icon Emotional and Social interests stresses that children are innately good unless ( 15-20 yrs) corrupted by society’s evils. There are five stages Icon Spiritual maturity during adulthood that corresponds to the evolution of human nature.  THEORITICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING Maturationism Icon Hall believed that the individual development of a child repeats the phases of human evolution and describes adolescence as a period of “storm & stress” corresponding to a turbulent state of western civilization. Gesell emphasized internal biological factors in development virtually ignoring the role of the environment. He advocated the “Normative Tradition” of developmental analysis CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2018  THEORITICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING Cognitive Development Theory Icon Emphasizes internal mental processes and their interactions with the environment. Cognitive developmentalists like Jean Piaget (1896-1980) attempt to explain how the individual thinks and how human processes vary. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2018  Cognitive Developmental Theory by Jean Piaget Sensorimotor infant develops physically with a gradually (0-2 years) increase in the ability to think and use language; progresses from simple reflex responses to repetitive behaviors to deliberate and imaginative activity Pre-operational child begins to understand relationships and (2-7 years) develops basic conceptual thought stage Concrete Operation thinking is more socialized and logical; with (7-11 years) increased intellectual and conceptual development; begins problem solving by use of inductive reasoning and logical thought Formal Operation LOGICALLY SOLVES all types of problems; thinks (11 years – above) SCIENTIFICALLY; solves COMPLEX problems; COGNITIVE structures mature. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2018 THEORITICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING Humanism Focus on the dignity and freedom of all individuals. Humanists like Abraham Maslow (1890-1970), Charlotte Buhler (1893-1974) and Carl Rogers (1902-1988) rejected the view of human nature that emphasizes environmental control and observable actions. Instead they stressed internal factors and self-perception CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2018  Hierarchy of need Theory SELF – Abraham Maslow ACTUALIZATION COGNITIVE NEEDS Fulfillment of To know and understand, unique potential explain, and analyze SELF ESTEEM Self esteem and respect; prestige LOVE AND BELONGING Giving and receiving affection; companionship; group identification AESTHETIC NEEDS Order, beauty, and symmetry SAFETY Avoiding harm; security; and physical safety PHYSIOLOGIC NEEDS Biological needs for oxygen, water, food, sleep, sex CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2018 Description Maslow’s theory is based on the idea of Maslow’s that some needs, physical as well as Psychological take precedence over Hierarchy others of needs The needs are placed in a pyramid with the most important making the base If the basic needs are not met, the base of the pyramid is not formed and the rest of the needs are not achieved. Description The first levels of needs are the deficiency needs, those that if not of Maslow’s met cause a deficiency, or lack that motivates a person to strive to achieve the need. Hierarchy of needs The fifth level, the actualization level, is a growth level. Few people ever reach the growth level and spend their lives going up and down the pyramid meeting the lower level needs. (Learning-Theories.com, 2008)  THEORITICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING Application to Nursing Practice Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is easily applied to nursing practice The theory focuses on human potential, “gives hope a chance. The theory allows the nurse to highlight the person’s strengths instead of focusing on one’s deficits (McEwen & Wills, 2007). Basic needs such as air, food, drink and warmth , are the basic needs of human survival and health. Safety, be it with ambulation or in taking medication, is very important to nursing Social needs are met with visiting hours and through the nurse-patient (care giver) relationship. Esteem and self-actualization may or may not be met in the hospital setting The theory provides the blueprint for prioritizing client care according to a hierarchy of needs (McEwen & Wills, 2007) CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2018  THEORITICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING Ethology Describe human behavior/ development in real life Recognize the importance of settings. Human being’s living in harmony with their environment. Primary concern is the role of human behavior in the survival of human species. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2018  THEORITICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING Ethology The contribution of ethology to the study of human development centers on the suggestion that human as well as lower animal behavior may have biological origins. The contribution of ethology to the study of human development centers on the suggestion that human as well as lower animal behavior may have biological origins. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2018  THEORITICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING Moral Development Theory Icon Lawrence Kohlberg suggested that some people reach a post-conventional level of moral thinking where they think in terms of universal ethical principles which take priority over society’s laws and values. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2018 Kohlberg’s Moral Development Level 1 PRECONVENTIONAL LEVEL Stage 1 Punishment and Obedience Orientation “I must follow the rules otherwise I will be punished” Stage 2 Instrumental Relativist Orientation “ I must follow the rules for the reward and favor it gives” Level 2 CONVENTIONAL LEVEL Stage 3 Good-Boy-Nice-Girl Orientation “I must follow the rules so I will be accepted” Stage 4 Society-Maintaining Orientation “I must follow rules so there is order in the society” Level 3 POST CONVENTIONAL LEVEL Stage 5 Social Contract Reorientation “I must follow rules as there are reasonable laws for it” Stage 6 CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY Universal Ethical Principle Orientation FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2018  THEORITICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING PSYCHOANALYTIC PERSPECTIVE Icon Focus on the underlying forces that motivate behavior Sigmund Freud described a series of psychosexual stages Icon in which gratification shifts from one body zone to another and the child’s maturational level determines when the shifts will occur CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2018 PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY Id Sexual and aggressive drive Inborn Operates on pleasure principle Primary thinking process: Imagery Irrational and not based on reality Ego Chief executive officer Operates on reality principle Secondary thinking process: logical and reality-oriented Major functions: adaptation to reality, modulation of anxiety, problem solving, control and regulates instinctual dives. Use Reality Testing and Defense Mechanisms. Superego CONSCIENCE, punishes one for something wrong that was done. EGO-Ideal, rewards one for something good that was done. Residue of internalized values and moral training of early childhood. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2018 PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY Phases Age Ranges Developmental Focus Oral Mouth is the major site of tension and Birth – 18 months gratification including biting and sucking activities. Id is present at birth. Anal Anus and surrounding area are major 1 1/2 yrs – 3 yrs source of interest. Voluntary sphincter control is the goal. Ego develops gradually. Phallic Genital is the focus. 3 – 5 years Penis envy & Elektra Complex (girls). Castration fear & Oedipus Complex (boys). Latency Complexes are resolved. Genital focus is 5-11 extended to 13 turned to social activities. years Formation of Superego. Genital Development of biologic capacity for 11-13 over lapping with orgasm. previous Starts to appreciate capacity for True CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2018  THEORITICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING Icon PSYCHOANALYTIC PERSPECTIVE Erik Erickson described eight stages of psychosocial development between infancy and old age. Each stage involves the resolution of a particular crisis, achieving balance between extremes and crisis emerges according to maturationally based time table. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2018 PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY Virtue Developmental Stage Developmental Task Drive and Viewing the world as safe and reliable; hope TRUST vs MISTRUST relationships as nurturing, stable, and dependable Self control Achieving a sense of control and free will & will AUTOMONY vs power SHAME/DOUBT Direction & Beginning development of a conscience; Purpose INITIATIVE vs GUILT learning to manage conflict and anxiety. Methods & Emerging confidence in own abilities; taking Competenc INDUSTRY vs INFERIORITY pleasure in accomplishments e Devotion & Formulating a sense of self and belonging Fidelity IDENTITY vs ROLE CONFUSION Affiliation & Forming adult, loving relationships and Love INTIMACY vs ISOLATION meaningful attachments to others Productivit Being creative and productive; establishing y & Care GENERATIVITY vs the next generation STAGNATION CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2018 THEORITICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING THANK YOU! CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 2018