Old English Period PDF

OLD ENGLISH PERIOD 800 - 1100  ESSENTIAL TERMINOLOGY  synchrony vs. diachrony  lexical loan / loan word  remnant  decline /declination (nouns)  conjugate /conjugation (verbs)  phonetic / phonological /morphological / syntactical /lexical / semantic /stylistic  REMNANTS OF THE...

OLD ENGLISH PERIOD 800 - 1100  ESSENTIAL TERMINOLOGY  synchrony vs. diachrony  lexical loan / loan word  remnant  decline /declination (nouns)  conjugate /conjugation (verbs)  phonetic / phonological /morphological / syntactical /lexical / semantic /stylistic  REMNANTS OF THE CELTIC LANGUAGE 1. Toponyms: London, York, Thames, Avon, Dover 2. Lexical remnants: bannock, brock, bin, ass  REMNANTS OF THE ROMAN LANGUAGE Lexical loans: 1. agriculture: cherry, butter Lat. vinum > Mod. E. wine Lat. prunus > Mod. E. plum 2. trade: buy, cheap 3. domestic life: table, carpet, kitchen 4. toponyms: -chester, -caster (Lancaster)  CHRISTIANITY - 597 A.D.  church, angel, pope, bishop, nun, mass, altar, candle, monk, priest, school  OLD ENGLISH (OE)  OE words had a typically Germanic character:  E.g.: OE níman = Mod. E to take  OE learan = Mod. E to teach  E.g.: OE stan = masculine gender (he)  Mod. E stone = neuter gender (it)  ANGLO-SAXON PERIOD 1. mother, father, man, woman, child 2. spring, summer... 3. goose, mouse, ox, duck, 4. red, green, white 5. heart, foot, eye, 6. star, sun, moon, water 7. come, sit, keep, make, see  OE – SYNTHETIC TYPE OF L. SINGULAR PLURAL OE ModE OE ModE N. stan the stone N. stanas the stones G. stanes of the stone G. stana of the stones D. stane to the stone D. stanum to the stones A. stan the stone A. stanas the stones N=nominative, G=genitive, D=dative, A=accusative  Synthetic vs. Analytical  SYNTHETIC TYPE  ANALYTICAL TYPE OF LANGUAGE = OF LANGUAGE - grammatical gender - natural gender - declension system - expresses case expresses case relations by means of relations by means of auxiliary words inflectional endings E.g. to the father, from Eg. otcovi, otca, vziať the father, OE: níman (infinitive) ModE: to take  SCANDINAVIAN INFLUENCE Phonological changes 1. Lat. sch- > Sc. sk- school, scheme X skill, skull, sky 2. Initial [g] – unpalatalized before [e], [i] Lat. giant, genius X Sc. get, give  SCANDINAVIAN INFLUENCE LEXICAL REMNANTS 1. Toponyms: -by Derby, Rugby - thorp Astonthorp - ness Lochness 2. Surnames Sc. Johnson x A-S Jones (John’s)  LEXICAL REMNANTS 3. gap, leg, knife, window, husband 4. die, take, give, get, cut, call 5. happy, sick, wrong, ugly, angry, 6. steak, cake 7. law, loan  GRAMMATICAL CHANGES 1. Personal pronouns A-S hie > Sc. they A-S hím > Sc. them 2. nouns – word final “-n“ disappeared (weak declensional paradigm) 3. verbs – infinitive word final “-an“ disappeared AS jévan > Sc. give níman > take AS jétan > Sc. get TO BE: AS sindon > Sc. are  Synonymous word pairs - which differ semantically OLD ENGLISH OLD SCANDINAVIAN ditch dike rise raise ill sick craft skill