Lesson 1: Matter PDF

Lesson 1: Matter Use properties of matter to identify substances and the process how to separate them. Matter (STEM_GC11MPIa-b-5) And Measurement Things to Prepare: Matter...

Lesson 1: Matter Use properties of matter to identify substances and the process how to separate them. Matter (STEM_GC11MPIa-b-5) And Measurement Things to Prepare: Matter And Measurement Objectives: The learners: recognize that substances are made up of smaller particles describe and/or make a representation of the arrangement, relative spacing, and relative motion of the particles in each of the three phases of matter distinguish between physical and chemical properties and give examples distinguish between extensive and intensive properties and give examples use properties of matter to identify substances and to separate them differentiate between pure substances and mixtures differentiate between elements and compounds differentiate between homogenous and heterogenous mixtures recognize the formulas of common chemical substances describe separation techniques for mixtures and compounds Matter And Measurement Introduction to Chemistry: An Overview Matter And Measurement CHEMISTRY: The study of MATTER (Structures & Properties) and the CHANGES (Transformations & Energy) it undergoes. Matter And Measurement SOME USES OF CHEMISTRY: Everything is made up of chemicals. Many changes we observe in our surroundings are caused by chemical reactions. Matter And Measurement SOME USES OF CHEMISTRY: Matter And Measurement BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY: Matter And Measurement MATTER Matter And Measurement  Matter Anything that has mass and takes up space (volume). Matter And Measurement PARTICULATE NATURE OF MATTER ATOMS IONS MOLECULES Basic Charged 2 or more units species atoms Fe, O, H Fe , O , combined 2+ 2- H + O 2, H 2, H2O Matter And Measurement Matter Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Matter And Measurement X-ray Image of a single atom Matter And Measurement Matter Each element is made of the same kind of atom. Matter And Measurement  Matter A compound is made of two or more different kinds of Hydrogen and Hydrogen and elements. Matter Oxygen Carbon And Measurement STATES OF MATTER State = Phase Natural states Matter States in NATURAL CONDITIONS (ex. Room temperature, 1 atm And Measurement pressure) 1. Which of the following describes the particle arrangement in a solid? A) Particles are far apart and move freely. B) Particles are close together and vibrate in place. C) Particles are spread out and move quickly in all directions. D) Particles are in a constant state of random Matter motion with no specific arrangement. And Measurement 2. What happens to the shape of a liquid when it is poured into a different container? A) It changes shape to fit the container but maintains a constant volume. B) It maintains its shape regardless of the container. C) It changes shape and volume to fit the container. D) It stays in its original shape and does not Matter change. And Measurement 3. In which state of matter do particles have the most freedom of movement? A) Solid B) Liquid C) Gas Matter And Measurement 4. Which of the following is true about the compressibility of gases compared to solids and liquids? A) Gases are much less compressible than solids and liquids. B) Gases and solids are equally compressible. C) Gases are more compressible than solids and liquids. D) Solids are the most compressible, followed by liquids, and gases are the least compressible. Matter And Measurement 5. How do the densities of solids, liquids, and gases generally compare? A) Solids have the highest density, followed by liquids, and then gases. B) Gases have the highest density, followed by solids, and then liquids. C) Liquids have the highest density, followed by gases, and then solids. D) All three states of matter have the same Matter density. And Measurement  Matter And Measurement MODERN STATES Bose-Einstein Plasma Condensate Matter And Measurement MODERN STATES Fermionic Quark-Gluon Condensate Plasma Matter And Measurement Other States Superfluid Degenerate matter Rydberg Matter Dropleton Photonic Quantum Hall Matter Superglass Color-Glass Supersolid Condensate String-net liquid Quark Matter Matter And Measurement  PURE SUBSTANCES Are substances that cannot be broken down/ separated using physical means. It is a form of matter that has a definite (constant) composition and distinct properties. ELEMENT substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means. There are 118 (natural (98) and synthetic (20)) elements that have been discovered as of this day. Matter And Measurement MODERN PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS(118) Matter And Measurement METALS Matter And Measurement  Matter And Measurement NONMETALS Matter And Measurement  Matter And Measurement METALLOIDS Matter And Measurement  Matter And Measurement A student is researching an element that is not a conductor of heat or electricity but is shiny? Which category does it likely belong to? A.Metals B. Nonmetals C.Metalloids Matter And Measurement Which of the substances is likely a metal? A.1 B. 2 C.3 D.4 Matter And Measurement metals nonmetals Matter And Measurement  PURE SUBSTANCES COMPOUNDS Compounds can be broken down into elements by chemical means. Matter And Measurement  CHEMICAL MEANS Heating Reacting with other substance Application of current/voltage Matter And Measurement  Matter And Measurement  COMPOUNDS ORGANIC INORGANIC Compounds without carbon Compounds EXCEPT: containing carbonates (CO3-2) carbon dioxide (CO2) Carbon carbon monoxide (CO) cyanides (CN-) carbides (C4-) Matter bicarbonates (HCO3 ) Measurement - And INORGANIC Matter And Measurement ORGANIC Matter And Measurement  COMPOUNDS ORGANIC INORGANIC ACIDS SALTS BASES HCl NaCl NaOH CH3COOH CH3COO - CH3COONa HF LiF LiOH H2SO4 BaSO4 HSO4- Matter And Measurement  Matter And Measurement  MIXTURES a combination of two or more substances in which the substances retain their distinct identities. We can separate them using physical means. Matter And Measurement  HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES/ SOLUTIONS the composition of the mixture is the same throughout (one phase). NaCl in water Brass Sugar in water Bronze Air Matter And Measurement  HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES the composition of the mixture is NOT uniform (2 or more phases). Smog Blood Mud Pizza Sand Mayonnaise Milk Salad Matter And Measurement  Matter And Measurement Classification of Matter ELEMENT MATTER MIXTURE COLLOID PURE SUSBSTANCE SUSPENSION HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE Matter COMPOUND And Measurement CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER MATTER MIXTURE PURE SUBSTANCE HOMOGENEOUS/ SOLUTION HETEROGENEOUS COMPOUND ELEMENT Matter SUSPENSION COLLOID And Measurement Properties and Changes of Matter Matter And Measurement  Properties of Matter Physical Properties: Must be observed without changing a substance into another substance. NO CHANGE IN COMPOSITION Chemical Properties: Can only be observed when a substance is changed into another substance. CHANGE IN Matter COMP. And Measurement Physical Properties Density Thermal conductivity Solubility Magnetic properties Chemical Properties Flammability Combustibility Reactivity Matter And Measurement Physical Properties SOLUBILITY - the measure of how much of a substance dissolves in a given volume of liquid. For example, sugar and sand, have a different solubilities in water. Matter LIKE DISSOLVES LIKE And Measurement Physical Properties MAGNETIC PROPERTIES - pertains to how substances are attracted to magnet. FERROMAGNETIC – attracted to magnet (Fe, steel, Co, Ni) NONFERROMAGNETIC – not attracted to magnet (Cu, Matter Al, Zn) And Measurement Physical Property of Matter is Classified as: Matter And Measurement  Properties of Matter Intensive Properties: Independent of the amount of the matter that is present. Extensive Properties: dependent of the amount of the matter that is present. Matter And Measurement  Properties of Matter Intensive Properties: Density Malleability Boiling Point Ductility Color Hardness Taste Luster Odor Potential Melting point/Freezing point Solubility Matter And Measurement  Properties of Matter Extensive Properties: Mass Length Volume Size Internal Energy Shape Entropy Heat Capacity Enthalpy Matter And Measurement Intensive vs Extensive Properties: Color Same INTENSIVE 1 2 3 Matter And Measurement Intensive vs Extensive Properties: Volume Different EXTENSIVE 1 2 3 Matter And Measurement Intensive vs Extensive Properties: Mass Different EXTENSIVE 1 2 3 Matter And Measurement Intensive vs Extensive Properties: Boiling Point Same INTENSIVE 1 2 3 Matter And Measurement Intensive vs Extensive Properties: Odor Same INTENSIVE 1 2 3 Matter And Measurement Chemical Properties describe the substance’s ability to change into new form with different properties. It involves chemical reaction, the conversion of matter to other type of matter. Law of Conservation of Mass Total mass of finished products = Total mass of Starting materials Matter And Measurement Chemical Reactions In the course of a chemical reaction, the reacting substances are converted to new substances. Matter And Measurement Chemical Properties FLAMMABILITY - is the ease on with which material is ignited. Materials produces different flame colors depending on their chemical composition. Matter And Measurement  Matter And Measurement Flame Colors of Selected Elements Matter And Measurement Chemical Properties COMBUSTIBILITY – ability to react with Oxygen gas in air to produce flame or explosion Note: not all combustion reactions produces flame or explosion Matter And Measurement Chemical Properties REACTIVITY – ability to react with other elements to form new compound Matter And Measurement  Changes in Matter Physical Change: Changes in matter that do not change the composition of a substance. Chemical Change: Changes in matter that change the composition of a substance. Matter And Measurement  Changes in Matter Physical Change: Melting, Evaporation, Cutting, Deposition, Freezing, etc. Chemical Change: Spoiling of food, Digestion, Ripening of fruits, Rusting of iron, etc. Matter And Measurement  Changes in Matter Physical Change: Matter And Measurement  Changes in Matter Physical Change: Heat Processes Phase 1 Phase 2 Process Endothermic Solid Liquid Melting Processes – heat Liquid Gas Evaporation absorbing Solid Gas Sublimation Exothermic Liquid Solid Freezing Processes – heat Gas Liquid Condensation releasing Gas Solid Deposition Matter And Measurement  Changes in Matter Chemical Change: formation of precipitate (insoluble solid) Matter And Measurement  Changes in Matter Chemical Change: formation of light Matter And Measurement  Changes in Matter Chemical Change: formation of gas Matter And Measurement  Changes in Matter Chemical Change: formation of heat Matter And Measurement  Basic Laboratory Apparatus Matter And Measurement  A glass with a wide mouth and usually a lip for pouring. It is used for holding, mixing, and heating liquids. This is NOT used for ACCURATE BEAKER measurement Matter And Measurement  A flat-bottomed laboratory flask that tapers upward to a straight neck. Its conical shape allows for efficient swirling and prevents splashing during agitation. This is NOT used for ERLENMEYER FLASK ACCURATE Matter measurement And Measurement  A tall narrow container with a volume scale Used to measure liquid volume exactly from 10 mL to 100 mL. GRADUATED Used for ACCURATE Matter And CYLINDER measurement Measurement  used to prepare solutions A volumetric flask is a flat bottomed bulb with a elongated neck calibrated to hold a set volume at a mark on the neck VOLUMETRIC FLASK Used for ACCURATE Matter And measurement Measurement  A device usually of two movable pieces joined at one end Used for grasping and lifting containers of heat-resistant material used in high temperature chemical reactions. TONGS Matter And Measurement  plain or lipped tube usually of thin glass closed at one end and used especially in chemistry and biology Used by chemists to hold, mix, or heat small quantities of solid or liquid chemicals. Matter TEST TUBE And Measurement  is used to hold test tubes. It is used for holding a test tube in place when the tube is hot or should not be touched. Matter TEST TUBE HOLDER And Measurement  used to hold upright multiple test tubes at the same time. They are most commonly used when various different solutions are needed to work with simultaneously, for safety reasons, for safe storage of test tubes, and to ease the transport of multiple tubes. Matter TEST TUBE RACK And Measurement  Used to clean test tubes Matter TEST TUBE BRUSH And Measurement  The primary function of a stirring rod is to stir solutions by hand. Stirring rods have other uses in the laboratory, however, including helping to decant liquid from containers, breaking up emulsions and inducing crystallization. Matter STIRRING ROD And Measurement  a type of lab instrument that efficiently mixes and stirs solutions by spinning a stir bar submerged in a liquid using a revolving magnetic field. Matter MAGNETIC STIRRER And Measurement  are small stainless steel utensils, used to scrape, transfer or apply powders and pastes as products chemicals or treatments. Matter SPATULA And Measurement  is a set of two simple tools used to prepare ingredients or substances by crushing and grinding them into a fine paste or powder. Matter MORTAR AND PESTLE And Measurement  used in chemistry and other scientific experiments to channel liquids or fine-grained substances into containers with narrow openings. This helps prevent spills and ensures accurate transfer of materials. Matter FUNNEL And Measurement  a semi-permeable paper barrier placed perpendicular to a liquid or air flow. It is used to separate fine solid particles from liquids or gases. Matter FILTER PAPER And Measurement  used for precise measurement and transfer of liquids. They are particularly useful in analytical chemistry, where small volumes of reagents need to be accurately dispensed. Matter PIPETTE/PIPET And Measurement  is a long, graduated, glass tube marked with measurements and used in chemistry. Used for titrations Matter BURETTE/BURET And Measurement  A metal stand consisting of a long upright rod attached to a heavy rectangular base Used for supporting laboratory equipment Matter RING STAND/CLAMP And Measurement  provides a controlled source of heat for various laboratory operations. They are used for heating substances, sterilizing equipment, and performing flame test. Matter BUNSEN BURNER And Measurement  a piece of laboratory equipment that is used to condense vapors in the lab or turn them into liquids simply by cooling them down. Matter CONDENSER And Measurement  Hotplates are perhaps the most versatile heat source in the laboratory and can be used for flameless heating of beakers, Erlenmeyer flasks, and various hot baths (water, sand, and oil baths). Matter HOTPLATE And Measurement  used to measure temperature accurately. They are employed in a wide range of applications, including monitoring reaction temperatures, controlling incubation conditions, and calibrating other Matter THERMOMETER instruments. And Measurement  Used to measure masses; the reading error is 0.05 gram. The mass range for a balance is 1g to 610g. TRIPLE BEAM BALANCE Used to measure masses very precisely The mass range for a balance is 0.5g to 600g. Matter DIGITAL BALANCE And Measurement  used to separate components of a mixture based on their density. They find applications in biology, biochemistry, and medical diagnostics, allowing for the separation of cells, proteins, and DNA. Matter CENTRIFUGE And Measurement  used to hold and heat small amounts of liquid solutions, causing them to slowly evaporate and leave solid residue behind. It is typically made from porcelain or borosilicate glass due to their high resistance to EVAPORATING DISH thermal shock. Matter And Measurement  circular piece of slightly concave glass that is commonly used by chemists. A watch glass can come in handy for a variety of things in a chemistry lab, from covering beakers to holding various substances that a chemist might want to weigh. Matter WATCH GLASS And Measurement  a small shallow transparent dish with a lid that is mainly used in biological experiments for the culture of cells. Matter PETRI DISH And Measurement  an instrument used to measure acidity or alkalinity of a solution - also know as pH. pH is the unit of measure that describes the degree of acidity or alkalinity. It is measured on a scale of 0 to 14. Matter pH METER And Measurement  changes it color in various solution and determines basic, acidic or neutral character of the solution. LESS ACCURATE pH PAPER THAN pH meter. Matter And Measurement  a filter paper that has been treated with a lichen-provided natural-soluble dye. Litmus paper is a piece of paper that produces a result which can be used as LITMUS PAPER a pH indicator. Matter And Measurement  SEPARATION OF MIXTURES Mixtures, either homogeneous and heterogeneous can be separated physically depending on their composition. They are separated using several separation techniques. Matter And Measurement  SEPARATION TECHNIQUES SEIVING – Sieving is a separation technique based on the difference in particle size. The sieve is responsible for retaining the larger particles. Matter And Ex. Course and Fine Sand Measurement  SEPARATION TECHNIQUES FILTRATION – used to separate insoluble solids from the solvents Ex. Sand in water Matter And Measurement SEPARATION TECHNIQUES 1. Stirring rod 2. Iron stand 3. Mixture 4. Filter paper 5. Funnel 6. Beaker (collection flask) 7. Filtrate Matter And Measurement  SEPARATION TECHNIQUES EVAPORATION – used to separate soluble solids from the solvents Ex. NaCl in water Matter And Measurement SEPARATION TECHNIQUES DISTILLATION – used to separate miscible liquids with significant boiling point difference Ex. Benzene and toluene Matter And Measurement  Matter And Measurement  SEPARATION TECHNIQUES SOLVENT SEPARATION – used to separate two immiscible liquids using a separatory funnel. Matter Ex. Water and oil And Measurement  SEPARATION TECHNIQUES DECANTATION– used to separate residues from solvents in suspensions Ex. Water and mud Matter And Measurement  SEPARATION TECHNIQUES CENTRIFUGATION – is a technique used for the separation of particles from a solution according to their size, shape, density, viscosity of the medium and rotor speed. Ex. Separation of blood Matter And Measurement  SEPARATION TECHNIQUES MAGNETISM - is a technique used to separate magnetic from nonmagnetic materials. Ex. Separation of Iron Fillings Matter from sand And Measurement  SEPARATION TECHNIQUES CHROMATOGRAPHY - is a technique used to components of a mixture Ex. Separation of colors in ink Matter And Measurement Chemistry, The Central Science, 10th edition Matter Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; and Bruce E. Bursten And Measurement