lesson-1 (1).docx

Introduction to information technology\ (Intro to computing) **Earliest Computing Device** ***ABACUS - The first manual data processing device which was developed in China in the 12^th^ century A.D.\ ***An abacus is a calculation tool used by sliding counters along rods or grooves, used to perform...

Introduction to information technology\ (Intro to computing) **Earliest Computing Device** ***ABACUS - The first manual data processing device which was developed in China in the 12^th^ century A.D.\ ***An abacus is a calculation tool used by sliding counters along rods or grooves, used to perform mathematical functions. In addition to calculating the basic functions of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, the abacus can calculate roots up to the cubic degree. C:\\Users\\JUSTICE\\Desktop\\computing\\abacus.jpg***\ Napier\'s bones - are a manually-operated calculating device created by John\ Napier of Merchiston  Scotland for calculation of products and quotients of numbers\ ******\ Pascal\'s calculator also known as the arithmetic machine or Pascaline is a mechanical calculator invented by Blaise Pascal in the early 17th century. Pascal was led to develop a calculator by the laborious arithmetical calculations required by his father\'s work as supervisor of taxes in Roue*** ***[Blaise Pascal] (1623-62), was a French mathematician and experimental physicist who was one of the first modern scientists to develop and build a calculator.*** Pascaline Calculator Explained --- Everything You Need To Know - History-Computer **Charles Babbage** -was an English polymath. A mathematician, philosopher, inventor and mechanical engineer, Babbage originated the concept of a digital programmable computer\ **Charles Babbage** was considered to be the father of computing after his invention and concept of the Analytical Engine in 1837. The Analytical Engine contained an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), basic flow control, and integrated memory; hailed as the first general-purpose computer concept. Analytical Engine Intended to use punched cards Has the elements of modern computer An input device A control unit A processor Storage An output device  **Generation of Computer** First generation --1940 -- 1956\ **Vacuum Tube** - The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms\ A vacuum tube, electron tube, valve, or tube, is a device that controls electric current flow in a high vacuum between electrodes to which an electric potential difference has been applied E:\\vacuum tube.jpg **ENIAC** (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) was the world\'s first general-purpose computer. **ENIAC** was designed and built for the United States Army to calculate artillery firing tables. C:\\Users\\JUSTICE\\Desktop\\computing\\eniac 2.jpg\ **UNIVAC** -- Universal Automatic Computer\ First commercially available computer\ Was used to predict the landslide winning of the 34^th^ president of the US, Eisenhower via landslide with 1% in Inaccuracy \ \ \ **Colossus**\ Code breaking computer\ The Colossus was developed in 1943 by engineer Tommy Flowers, based on plans by the mathematician Max Newman. It was designed to decode the encrypted transmissions from the German teleprinter Lorenz cipher. \ Second Generation -- 1956 -- 1963\ **Transistors** -  is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material usually with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit.\ The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation predecessors. Though the transistor still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube. Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output. C:\\Users\\JUSTICE\\Desktop\\computing\\transistor.jpg **TRADIC TRA**nsistor **DI**gital **C**omputer or **TR**ansistorized **A**irborne **DI**gital **C**omputer) -  used to solve aircraft bombing and navigation problems. \ \ Third Generation-- 1964 - 1971\ **IC Integrated Circuit** - integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit is a set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece of semiconductor material, normally silicon\ The development of the [integrated circuit](https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/integrated_circuit_IC.html) was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on [silicon](https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/silicon.html) [chips](https://webopedia.com/TERM/C/chip.html), called [semiconductors](https://webopedia.com/TERM/S/semiconductor.html), which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.\ allowed the device to run many different [applications](https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/A/application.html) at one time with a central program that monitored the memory C:\\Users\\JUSTICE\\Desktop\\computing\\IC.jpg **CDC 7600** -- CDC Control Data\'s dominance also manufactured two multi-processor computers based on the 7600, with the model number 7700. They consisted of two 7600 machines in an asymmetric configuration: a central and an adjunct machine. They were used for missile launch and inbound tracking of USSR ICBMs.  Fourth Generation -- 1972 - 2010\ **Microprocessors** - the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip E:\\micro pro.jpg **ALTAIR 8800** - First commercially successful personal computer in 1975 by MITS  **Face Recognition\ Quantum Computation** **Molecular and nanotechnology** C:\\Users\\JUSTICE\\Desktop\\computing\\NANOTECH.jpg**\ Types of Computer\ Microcomputer -** A microcomputer is a small, relatively inexpensive computer with a microprocessor as its central processing unit. It includes a microprocessor, memory, and minimal input/output circuitry mounted on a single printed circuit board. This is the small and single-user digital computer. \ **Desktop Computer -** A desktop computer is a personal computer designed for regular use at a single location on or near a desk or table due to its size and power requirements. It is stand-alone machine that can be place on desk G:\\Pictures\\2.jpg\ **Laptop Computer** - a computer that is portable and suitable for use while traveling. They are portable and have all the features of a desktop computer  **Netbook computer -** They are portable and have all the features of a desktop computer G:\\Pictures\\4.jpg **Tablet Computer** - Has features of the notebook computer but it can accept input stylus or a pen instead of the keyboard or mouse  **Personal Digital Assistant -** is a small computer that can be held on the top of the palm. A personal digital assistant, also known as a handheld PC, is a variety mobile device which functions as a personal information manager. G:\\Pictures\\8.jpg\ **Smartphones -** Are cellular phones that function both as a phone and as a small PC. \ **Minicomputer** -A minicomputer is a class of smaller computers that was developed in the mid-1960s and sold for much less than mainframe and mid-size computers from IBM and its direct competitors G:\\Pictures\\10.jpg\ **Mainframe Computer** - Mainframe computers are computers used primarily by large organizations for critical applications; bulk data processing, such as census, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning; and transaction processing\ - Are multi-user multi-programming and high performance computer.  **Super Computer** - A supercomputer is a computer with a high level of performance compared to a general-purpose computer. Performance of a supercomputer is measured in floating-point operations per second instead of million instructions per second.\ It is the fastest and the most expensive machines G:\\Pictures\\12.jpg **Characteristics of the Computer\ Speed -** The computer can process data very fast at the rate of millions of instructions per second**\ Accuracy -** the quality or state of being correct or precise**\ Diligence** - When used for a longer period of time the computer not get tired or fatigued**.\ Storage Capability -** A large volume of data and information can be stored in the computer **\ Versatility -** Computer is versatile in nature it can perform different types of tasks with the same ease - **It is a machine** - **It is electronic** - **It is automatic** - **It can manipulate data** - **It has memory to store** - **It had logic function** - **It can compute** **Capabilities\ **Ability to perform certain logic operation\ Ability to perform a new time dimension\ Ability to restore and retrieve data\ Ability to control and detect errors **\ Limitations of computer\ **Dependence on prepared instruction\ Inability to derive meaning from object\ Inability to generate information\ It cannot correct wrong instruction\ It need human interventions - **Computer -Is an electronic device designed to accept data and process them to produce the desire output?\ Monitor** - It is a television-like screen that generally sit on the top or besides with the system unit.\ \ **Three types of monitor -\ Black and white monitor - it produce two** **colors such as Black and white** - **\ Colored monitor - It uses different colors.** - download (2).jpg - **\ Monochrome - it uses single color background** - **\ Kinds of monitor\ CRT** (**Cathode Ray Tube** - The cathode ray tube is a vacuum tube that contains one or more electron guns and a phosphorescent screen, and is used to display images. It modulates, accelerates, and deflects electron beam onto the screen to create the images - - **LCD** (**Liquid Crystal Display -** A liquid-crystal display is a flat-panel display or other electronically modulated optical device that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals. - \ **System Unit -** A typical desktop computer consists of a computer **system unit**, a keyboard, a mouse, and a monitor. The computer **system unit** is the enclosure for all the other main interior components of a computer. It is also called the computer case, computer chassis, or computer tower. - **-** **It is considered as the heart of the computer.** - images.jpg - **Motherboard** - is the main printed circuit board found in general purpose microcomputers and other expandable systems -  **Parts of system unit** Central Processing Unit\ Memory Disk drives Various Adapters and Options **Central Processing Unit/Processor -** A microprocessor is a computer processor that incorporates the functions of a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit, or at most a few integrated circuits. **It is considered as the brain of the computer.** **\ ** **Memory** -It is the storage location of data or information of the computer. \ **Types of memory** **RAM(Random Access Memory- The data are being stored temporarily inside the computer.** **ROM(Read-Only Memory)- the data are being stored permanently.** **Disk drives / Magnetic disk** Magnetic storage or magnetic recording is the storage of data on a magnetized medium. Magnetic storage uses different patterns of magnetisation in a magnetisable material to store data and is a form of non-volatile memory.\ **Floppy disk drive -** A floppy disk, also called a floppy, diskette, or just disk, is a type of disk storage composed of a disk of thin and flexible magnetic storage medium, sealed in a rectangular plastic enclosure lined with fabric that removes dust particles download (7).jpg **Hard Disk drive - Is consisted of one or more metal platters which are sealed inside a metal case.**  **Solid state drive** - solid-state drive is a solid-state storage device that uses integrated circuit assemblies to store data persistently, typically using flash memory, and functioning as secondary storage in the hierarchy of computer storage. Western Digital Solid State Drive 500gb Blue SATA 2.5 -- EasyPC **CD ROM - is a pre-pressed optical compact disc which contains data.**  **Flash drive - It is a handy storage device that can be store up to billion of bytes.** download (10).jpg**\ USB** - in full **universal serial bus**, technology used to connect computers with peripheral devices. \... A USB port represented a standardized way to connect a wide range of devices while offering significant advantages in speed over other connection type **\ ** **Various Adapters and Options** **\ Modem -** is a network hardware device that modulates one or more carrier wave signals to encode digital information for transmission and demodulates signals to decode the transmitted information.  **Hub** - is a physical layer networking device which is used to connect multiple devices in a network. They are generally used to connect computers in a LAN. A hub has many ports in it. A computer which intends to be connected to the network is plugged in to one of these ports. Quelle est la différence entre un hub et un switch ? - Les differences **Router -** A router is a physical or virtual appliance that passes information between two or more packet-switched computer networks. A router inspects a given data packet\'s destination Internet Protocol address (IP address), calculates the best way for it to reach its destination and then forwards it accordingly.  **Repeater** - is an electronic device that receives a signal and retransmits it. Repeaters are used to extend transmissions so that the signal can cover longer distances or be received on the other side of an obstruction Wireless Wifi Repeater 300Mbps Network Wi-Fi Range Extender Router 2.4G Signal Amplifier Antenna Boo \| Shopee Philippines **Input device - is a peripheral (piece of computer hardware equipment) used to provide data and control signals to an information processing system such as a computer or other information appliance. \ ** **Input device\ Keyboard - Is the primary input device used to communicate with the computer** **\ Mouse - A pointing device used to select an option from a list of menus** AmazonBasics 3-Button USB Wired Mouse Review - RTINGS.com**\ Web Cam -- it use to communicate to far flung places to see them in personal appearance**  **Barcode Reader - is an electronic device that can read and output printed barcodes to a computer.** What is a Barcode?**\ Microphone - is an acoustic-to-electric transducer or sensor that converts sound into an electrical signal**  **Light Pen - is a computer input device in the form of a light sensitive wand used in conjunction with a computer\'** 4imprint.ie: Lowton Stylus Light Pen - Engraved 301849E **Joystick** - sometimes called a flight stick, is an input device consisting of a stick that pivots on a base and reports its angle or direction to the device it is controlling **\ \ Scanner**---is a device that optically scans images, printed text, handwriting or an object and converts it to a digital image. Commonly used in offices are variations of the desktop flatbed scanner where the document is placed on a glass window for scanning.  **\ Output device -** is any peripheral that receives data from a computer, usually for **display**, projection, or physical reproduction **Output device** **Monitor \-\--\ Printer** - is a peripheral which makes a persistent human readable representation of graphics or text on paper or similar physical media Best photo printer 2023: The top 4 printers for photos you can buy\ **Speaker** - It is used to produce sounds that can be used for listening music and watching movies  **Headset/headphone** - Headphones are designed to provide audio listening through one or two ear cups, while headsets come with a built-in microphone, noise-cancelling technology, and a boom microphone Headphone Vs. Headset- Which Should You Choose For Business? **Projector -**  is an optical device that projects an image that connects to a computer.  **Prepared by :** **Justice Adrianne O Isano**