Khalifa University Introduction To Hydrogen Technologies And Applications (CHEG 360) Fall 2024 PDF

Introduction to Hydrogen Technologies and Applications (CHEG 360) – FALL 2024 Lecture 22: Hydrogen in the new energy scenario - large-scale energy storage: power-to-power and power-to-X Dr. Lourdes F. Vega Professor, Chemical and Petroleum...

Introduction to Hydrogen Technologies and Applications (CHEG 360) – FALL 2024 Lecture 22: Hydrogen in the new energy scenario - large-scale energy storage: power-to-power and power-to-X Dr. Lourdes F. Vega Professor, Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Department Director, Research and Innovation Center on CO2 and Hydrogen (RICH Center) 19th November 2024  2 Course content 0. Introduction to the course 1. Basic properties of hydrogen and safety HYDROGEN PRODUCTION 2. Hydrogen generation from hydrocarbons 3. Solar hydrogen generation 4. Bio-hydrogen generation & hydrogen generation from nuclear power HYDROGEN TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE 5. Hydrogen Transportation 6. Hydrogen storage options – underground hydrogen storage, Chemical and Physical Storage HYDROGEN UTILIZATION 7. Hydrogen Utilization – Classical applications: refining, fertilizers and chemical industry 8. Combustion (ammonia as a carbon less fuel), heat and power 9. Hydrogen utilization in hard-to-abate sectors 10. Fuel cells: concepts and applications – applications to the transportation sector 11. Hydrogen in the new energy scenario: large-scale energy storage (power-to-power) and power-to-X CHEG360 – FALL 2024 Lecture 22: Hydrogen in the new energy scenario: power-to-power & power-to-X Prof. Lourdes F. Vega  From Lecture 2 Introduction to hydrogen in the context of sustainable energy https://www.ku.ac.ae/research-centers/research-and-innovation-center-on-co2-and-hydrogen-rich  4 Impact of climate change? Resultado de imagen de climate change This is a serious environmental problem affecting people and the planet Economical impact: the cost of disasters associated to climate change, in 2018 alone, was US$160 billion Climate change could cost the global economy as much as $23 trillion by 2050. Switching from fossil fuels to renewable energy could save the world a whopping $12 trillion US dollars by 2050. CHEG360 – FALL 2024 Lecture 22: Hydrogen in the new energy scenario: power-to-power & power-to-X Prof. Lourdes F. Vega  5 What is the situation today? July 2024: July 2023: 425.55 ppm October 2024: 421.83 ppm October 2023: 422.38 ppm 418.82 ppm CO2 concentration Last updated: Aug 05, 2024 Last updated: Nov 05, 2024 First time in “recent” history Red line: monthly mean values, centered on the middle of each month. Black line: the same, after correction for the average seasonal cycle. 16 years ago (2007) https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/trends/ CHEG360 – FALL 2024 Lecture 22: Hydrogen in the new energy scenario: power-to-power & power-to-X Prof. Lourdes F. Vega  6 What is the situation today? CO 2 October 2024: October 2023: 422.38 ppm 418.82 ppm concentration Last updated: Nov 05, 2024 LAST 63 YEARS LAST 5 YEARS https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/trends/ CHEG360 – FALL 2024 Lecture 22: Hydrogen in the new energy scenario: power-to-power & power-to-X Prof. Lourdes F. Vega  7 Where are emissions coming from? Buildings Energy/ Power Industry Energy-related CO2 emissions grew to 36.3 Gt in 2021 – highest ever Transport Source: Global Energy Review: CO2 Emissions in 2021, IEA CHEG360 – FALL 2024 Lecture 22: Hydrogen in the new energy scenario: power-to-power & power-to-X Prof. Lourdes F. Vega  8 Greenhouse gases (GHG) and CO 2-equivalence GHG: atmospheric gases that absorb & emit radiation within the infrared range. Water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), Ozone (O3) They are needed! Without GHGs, the average temperature of the earth's surface would be −18 °C, instead of the current average of 15 °C Problem? The excess - if there is much more than there should be and they absorb much more radiation than they should, a greater greenhouse effect than desired is produced. Human activity has generated other GHGs with a much greater impact than those already in the atmosphere (i.e. chlorinated and fluorinated compounds). How to quantify their impact? Global warming potential: a number that expresses the potential trapping heat from the atmosphere of that gas compared to the same volume of CO2 – CO2- equivalent emissions GHG CO2 CH4 N2O SF6 R134a R1234yf GWP (100y) 1 25 265–298 23500 1300 4 CHEG360 – FALL 2024 Lecture 22: Hydrogen in the new energy scenario: power-to-power & power-to-X Prof. Lourdes F. Vega  9 CO2 emissions in the UAE By energy source By sector Oil Natural Gas Electricity and heat producers Coal Industry Transport Source: IEA Transport > 20% Data from 2018 UAE ENERGY STRATEGY 2050 CHEG360 – FALL 2024 Lecture 22: Hydrogen in the new energy scenario: power-to-power & power-to-X Prof. Lourdes F. Vega A planet in search for sustainable (secure and affordable) energy CHEG360 – FALL 2024 Lecture 22: Hydrogen in the new energy scenario: power-to-power & power-to-X Prof. Lourdes F. Vega  11 The energy transition and greenhouse gases emissions Different scenarios, We are depending on the actions, here will lead us to different situations, some of them We need to catastrophic. be here CHEG360 – FALL 2024 Lecture 22: Hydrogen in the new energy scenario: power-to-power & power-to-X Prof. Lourdes F. Vega  WHAT CAN WE DO? CHEG360 – FALL 2024 Lecture 22: Hydrogen in the new energy scenario: power-to-power & power-to-X Prof. Lourdes F. Vega  13 13 Energy challenge and net-zero emissions Energy challenge: ability to provide sustainable energy sources to meet the demands for quality of life and economic growth, while avoiding emitting GHG into the atmosphere. There are several stringent policies in this direction Addressing this energy challenge should cover supply and demand, security, and environmental concerns in an affordable manner – energy trilemma Net Zero Emissions: balance between the amount of greenhouse gas produced and the amount removed from the atmosphere. Carbon neutrality is a state of net-zero CO2 emissions. This can be achieved by: - balancing emissions of carbon dioxide with its removal (often through carbon offsetting) - eliminating emissions from society (the transition to the "post-carbon economy"). https://www.statista.com/chart/26053/countries-with-laws-policy- documents-or-timed-pledges-for-carbon-neutrality/ CHEG360 – FALL 2024 Lecture 22: Hydrogen in the new energy scenario: power-to-power & power-to-X Prof. Lourdes F. Vega  14 Net-zero emissions Net-zero refers to the balance between the amount of greenhouse gas produced and the amount removed from the atmosphere. We reach net zero when the amount we add is no more than the amount taken away. Carbon neutrality is a state of net-zero CO2 emissions. This is related to CO2 releasing processes from transportation, energy production, agriculture, and industry. This can be achieved by: balancing emissions of carbon dioxide with its removal (often through carbon offsetting) eliminating emissions from society (the transition to the "post-carbon economy"). Energy challenge: ability to provide sustainable energy sources to meet the demands for quality of life and economic growth, while avoiding emitting GHG into the atmosphere. There are several stringent policies in this direction Addressing this energy challenge should cover supply and demand, security, and environmental concerns. Hydrogen can help tackling various critical energy challenges while also strengthening energy security providing a smooth transition to a more sustainable energy economy. CHEG360 – FALL 2024 Lecture 22: Hydrogen in the new energy scenario: power-to-power & power-to-X Prof. Lourdes F. Vega  Sources of energy NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES (carbon-free emissions) CHEG360 – FALL 2024 Lecture 22: Hydrogen in the new energy scenario: power-to-power & power-to-X Prof. Lourdes F. Vega  16 Energy management The supply of electrical energy requires the production of as much electricity as the network demands. Wind and photovoltaic energy are irregular (intermittent): they depend on environmental weather conditions (whether the wind is blowing, or the sun is shining) and that moment may not coincide with the demand of the network. Therefore, energy storage is needed, both on a large scale, in networks, or at the end user level (small scale). Energy storage: reversible hydroelectric plants, thermal storage, batteries or fuel cells or producing and using hydrogen. Energy storage costs must be taken into account when designing a stand-alone renewable energy system independent of the general electricity grid. It is necessary to work on efficient energy storage systems and their integration with renewables – opportunities to develop new technologies CHEG360 – FALL 2024 Lecture 22: Hydrogen in the new energy scenario: power-to-power & power-to-X Prof. Lourdes F. Vega  Energy storage Electrical energy can be easily generated, transported and transformed, however it is difficult to store it in large quantities. Energy storage technologies allow us to store excess energy and discharge it when there is too little generation or too much demand. Flexibility at different time-scales – seconds/minutes, hours, weeks, and even months. Objective: maximizing the integration of renewables and providing greater efficiency and safety to the entire electrical system. Storage at any level can offer system services, safeguarding the secure and efficient operation of the electricity system. Storage can help consumers increase self-consumption of solar electricity, or to generate value by providing flexibility to the system. Industrial consumers can install storage to reduce consumption peaks, and to provide back-up power if there is a black-out. CHEG360 – FALL 2024 Lecture 22: Hydrogen in the new energy scenario: power-to-power & power-to-X Prof. Lourdes F. Vega  18 Storage technologies - typical power and capacity ranges. CHEG360 – FALL 2024 Lecture 22: Hydrogen in the new energy scenario: power-to-power & power-to-X Prof. Lourdes F. Vega  19 Energy storage technologies Reversible (pumped) Ammonia hydroelectric Methanol Mechanical Compressed air Liquid air Chemical Synthetic natural gas Synthetic fuels Flywheels Hydrogen (P2X, PTG) Supercapacitors Electrical Superconducting Classic batteries magnets (SMES) Electroche Flow batteries mical Hybrid supercapacitors Latent heat Thermal Sensible heat Termochemical Source: Adapted from European Association for Storage of Energy (EASE) CHEG360 – FALL 2024 Lecture 22: Hydrogen in the new energy scenario: power-to-power & power-to-X Prof. Lourdes F. Vega  20 20 Tracking clean energy processes Renewables Digitalization Energy Efficiency Bioenergy Hydrogen International Electrification Collaboration Behavioral changes Clean Energy CCUS innovation IEA (2022), Energy System Overview, IEA, Paris https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-system-overview, License: CC BY 4.0 CHEG360 – FALL 2024 Lecture 22: Hydrogen in the new energy scenario: power-to-power & power-to-X Prof. Lourdes F. Vega  21 21 Tracking clean energy processes Energy efficiency Not on track Behavioral Changes More efforts needed Electrification On track Renewables Bioenergy Hydrogen Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage Clean Energy Innovation International Collaboration Digitalization IEA (2022), Energy System Overview, IEA, Paris https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-system-overview, License: CC BY 4.0 CHEG360 – FALL 2024 Lecture 22: Hydrogen in the new energy scenario: power-to-power & power-to-X Prof. Lourdes F. Vega  Technological avenues for the energy transition Hydrogen as part of the solution https://hsfnotes.com/energy/2019/03/20/developing-green- hydrogen-projects/ https://www.irena.org/Publications/2022/Mar/World-Energy-Transitions-Outlook-2022 CHEG360 – FALL 2024 Lecture 22: Hydrogen in the new energy scenario: power-to-power & power-to-X Prof. Lourdes F. Vega 22  23 IRENA 2021 report – renewable electricity generation CHEG360 – FALL 2024 Lecture 22: Hydrogen in the new energy scenario: power-to-power & power-to-X Prof. Lourdes F. Vega  24 Energy generation and utilization Different technologies to produce power Evolution of renewable and non-renewable production over one week non-renewable renewable https://www.ree.es/es/datos/balance CHEG360 – FALL 2024 Lecture 22: Hydrogen in the new energy scenario: power-to-power & power-to-X Prof. Lourdes F. Vega  25 25 Energy management The supply of electrical energy requires the production of as much electricity as the network demands. Wind and photovoltaic energy are irregular (intermittent): they depend on environmental weather conditions (whether the wind is blowing, or the sun is shining) and that moment may not coincide with the demand of the network. Energy storage is needed, both on a large scale, in networks, or at the end user level (small scale). Energy storage: reversible hydroelectric plants, thermal storage, batteries or fuel cells or producing and using hydrogen. Energy storage costs must be taken into account when designing a stand-alone renewable energy system independent of the general electricity grid. It is necessary to work on efficient energy storage systems and their integration with renewables – opportunities to develop new technologies CHEG360 – FALL 2024 Lecture 22: Hydrogen in the new energy scenario: power-to-power & power-to-X Prof. Lourdes F. Vega  26 What is the role of hydrogen in this context? Hydrogen is not a primary source of energy (like the sun or the wind), but an energy vector -> manufactured capable of storing energy that can later be released and can also be used for other applications (mobility, industry, production of heat and electricity, etc.). Green hydrogen: obtained from renewable energies in its manufacture (and using water or H2S as the feed) https://hsfnotes.com/energy/2019/03/20/developing-green-hydrogen-projects/ CHEG360 – FALL 2024 Lecture 22: Hydrogen in the new energy scenario: power-to-power & power-to-X Prof. Lourdes F. Vega  27 Properties of Hydrogen Name origin: Greek words hydro (water) and From lecture 3 gen (generate) Atomic number: 1 Atomic weight: 1.0079 Melting point: -259⸰C Boiling point: -253⸰C Vapor density: 0.08376 kg/m3 (at 20⸰C, 1atm) Specific gravity: 0.0696 Flashpoint: -253⸰C Valence: 1 Hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, combustible gas CHEG360 – FALL 2024 Lecture 22: Hydrogen in the new energy scenario: power-to-power & power-to-X Prof. Lourdes F. Vega  From lecture 4 28 Safety and associated risks in the hydrogen supply chain Safety implications in Fire Properties of hydrogen gas handling hydrogen Explosion Properties of liquid hydrogen Evaporation Leaks Embrittlement and Cracking CHEG360 – FALL 2024 Lecture 22: Hydrogen in the new energy scenario: power-to-power & power-to-X Prof. Lourdes F. Vega  29 The hydrogen value chain Hydrogen production Hydrogen transportation Hydrogen utilization Chemical H₂O feedstock Grey GreyH₂H2 Storage Natural Steam methane gas reforming CCPP (CCS⁴) Engines, Fuel cells Blue Blue H₂ H2 Natural Reforming CO₂ H₂ blended gas capture pipeline H₂ blending Refinery E Fuel (