Hydrogen Energy Systems Notes PDF

Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science MECE3260U-Introduction to Energy Systems Hydrogen Energy Systems Dr. Ibrahim Dincer Professor of Mechanical Engineering Outline  Introduction  Why Hydrogen?  Hydrogen Age  Hydrogen Prod...

Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science MECE3260U-Introduction to Energy Systems Hydrogen Energy Systems Dr. Ibrahim Dincer Professor of Mechanical Engineering Outline  Introduction  Why Hydrogen?  Hydrogen Age  Hydrogen Production  Electrolyzers  Hydrogen Storage  Fuel Cells  Hydrogen Hubs  Closing Remarks 2 3 www.nrcan.gc.ca 4 5 Classification of Hydrogen Production Methods Hydrogen Production Method Color Code Renewables based Nuclear based Fossils fuel based (with carbon capturing) Fossil gas based (gasification/pyrolysis) Fossil gas based (with no capturing) Lignite based Coal based 6  LCA of Hydrogen Production Methods 40 Coal 35 CO2 Emissions (kg CO2/kg H2) 30 Oil 25 Natural 20 Gas 15 10 5 Small Geothermal Solar Large Nuclear thermal PV Wind hydro Biomass hydro 0 CO2 emissions during hydrogen production from different energy sources 7 8 Air pollution  various respiratory and cardiovascular illnesses 9  Which one? or or (Cabinet Office in Japan) https://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/english/society5_0/index.html 10  Carbon-hydrogen ratio of common transportation fuels Global energy transition for the hydrogen industry 11 12  Gas hits shocking $7 per gallon at a Bay Area station Quick example: A Sedan type vehicle: 45 L (12 gallon) Gas price: $7.1/gallon Cost: $85.2 Toyota Mirai: 5.6 kg H2 H2 price: $13-16/kg Cost: $72.8-89.6 Driving range: 650 km vs As gas prices drive upward, some drivers considering hydrogen-powered alternatives | cbs8.com 13 OTU: Hydrogen University Who is Leading in Canada? 14 HYDROGEN PRODUCTION METHODS Source Method Brief Description Energy Material M1 Electrolysis Water Direct current is used to split H2O into O2 and H2 (electrochemical reaction) Electrical M2 Plasma arc decomposition Fossil Cleaned natural gas is passed through plasma arc to generate H2 and carbon soot M3 Thermolysis Water Thermal decomposition of water (steam) at temperatures over 2500 K Water splitting M4 Water Cyclical chemical reactions (net reaction: water splitting into H2) Biomass Thermochemical Thermal M5 conversion Thermocatalytic conversion processes M6 Gasification Biomass Conversion of biomass into syngas M7 Reforming Conversion of liquid biomass (biofuels) into H2 M8 PV electrolysis PV panels are used to generate electricity M9 Photocatalysis Photonic Water Water is split into H2 by using the electron-hole pair generated by the photocatalyst M10 Photoelectrochemical method A hybrid cell simultaneously produces current and voltage upon absorption of light M11 Dark fermentation Biochemical Biomass Biological systems are used to generate H2 in the absence of light M12 High temperature electrolysis Electrical & thermal energy used together for H2O splitting at high temperatures Water M13 Hybrid thermochemical cycles Electrical and thermal energy are used together to drive cyclical chemical reactions Electrical + Thermal M14 Coal gasification Conversion of coal into syngas Fossil M15 Fossil fuel reforming Fossil fuels are converted to H2 and CO2 M16 Biophotolysis Biological systems (microbes, bacteria, etc.) are used to generate H2 M17 Photofermentation Photonic + Biomass Biochemical + Water Fermentation process activated by exposure to light M18 Artificial photosynthesis Chemically engineered systems mimic photosynthesis to generate H2 M19 Photoelectrolysis Electrical + Photonic Water Photoelectrodes and external electricity are used to drive water electrolysis 15  Late 2023 Late 2019 World Hydrogen Production Electrolysis Others 4.85% 0.15% Coal 18% Crude Oil 28% Natural Electrolysis Early 2000 Gas Late 2022 4% 49% Coal 18% Crude Oil 29% Data source: SRI, IAHE Natural Gas 49% 16 Water Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production Electricity is used to disassociate water into hydrogen the cathode and oxygen at the anode. The device making this is so called: electrolyser which contains an anode and a cathode separated by an electrolyte (including a membrane). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PEM_Elektrolyse_5.gif 17 Specifications of Four Types of Electrolysers Source: CEEW-CEF analysis based on multiple sources 18 19 FUEL CELLS https://www.digitaltrends.com/cars/does- hydrogen-make-sense-as-an-automotive-fuel/ 20  Electric Current Generation by Fuel Cell https://gifer.com/en/75ve Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA) Hydrogen (into the anode) and oxygen from air (into the cathode) are used to generator power and water (along with some heat). In the MEA, a catalyst in the anode separates the hydrogen molecules into positively charged protons, passing through the electrolyte membrane to the cathode, and negatively charged electrons, passing through an external circuit to generate an electric current. 21  FUEL CELL TYPES PEMFC: Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell  Reactions  Anode: H 2 → 2 H + + 2e −  Cathode: 0.5O 2 + 2 H + + 2e − → H 2 O  Overall: H 2 + 0.5O 2 → H 2 O  Advantages  Fast startup capability since it works at low temperatures.  Compact since thin MEAs can be made.  No corrosive fluid hazards because the only liquid present in the cell is water. Source: http:/ / w w w.fctec.com  Disadvantages  Need for expensive catalysts 22 23 24 Hydrogen Storage Options Hydrogen can be stored physically as either a gas or a liquid. Storage of hydrogen as a gas typically requires high- pressure tanks (350–700 bar [5,000–10,000 psi] tank pressure). Storage of hydrogen as a liquid requires cryogenic temperatures because the boiling point of hydrogen at one atmosphere pressure is −252.8°C. Hydrogen can also be stored on the surfaces of solids (by adsorption) or within solids (by absorption). https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/hydrogen-storage 25 https://www.addcomposites.com/post/what-is-a-hydrogen-tank-tank-types 26 Hydrogen storage tanks: testing, certification, codes & standardshttps://www.addcomposites.com/post/design-and-development-of-sustainable-compressed- hydrogen-storage-tank-course 27  Hydrogen Hub in Oshawa, ON Oshawa Hydrogen Economy Alliance Academia Industry Science Engineering Business Policies Government 28 29  Results Summary System Capacities Parameter Result Component Capacity Average H2 production rate 3.06 kg/h Electrolyzer 900 kW Hydrogen storage pressure 35,000 kPa Hydrogen Tank and Fueling St 270 kg Annual hydrogen production 26,787 kg Annual hydrogen consumption 26,753 kg FPV 2.2 MWp Annual exergy destruction 7.36 GWh Fuel Cell (Total) 300 kWp Solar radiation GHI 1,297 kWh/m2 year Total solar module (cell) area 10,770 (8,494) m2 Solar radiation GHI on array 13,968 MWh/year Converted solar energy 2,939.2 MWh/year Overall energy efficiency 15.35 % Overall exergy efficiency 16.19 % 30  https://www.watercanada.net/ontario-tech-researcher-floating-a- clean-energy-solution-for-vessels-in-toronto-harbour/ https://fuelcellsworks.com/news/researcher- from-oshawas-ontario-tech-developing- hydrogen-powered-solution-for-toronto-island- ferries/ https://www.insauga.com/researcher-from-oshawas-ontario-tech- developing-hydrogen-powered-solution-for-toronto-island-ferries/ https://pvbuzz.com/floatovoltaics-in-canada/ https://news.ontariotechu.ca/archives/2022/08/ontario-tech- https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/what-on-earth-floating-solar-canada- researcher-floating-a-clean-energy-solution-for-vessels-in- 1.6548305 toronto-harbour.php#:~:text=emissions%20by%202040.- ,Dr.,that%20produce%20hydrogen%20through%20electroly 31 Closure 32