Sustainable Mobility Lecture 2 PDF

Chair of Renewable and Sustainable Energy Systems TUM School of Engineering and Design Technical University of Munich SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY Thomas Hamacher Thushara Addanki Andrea Cadavid Technical University of Munich TUM School of Engineering and Design Chair of Renewable and Sustainable Energy S...

Chair of Renewable and Sustainable Energy Systems TUM School of Engineering and Design Technical University of Munich SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY Thomas Hamacher Thushara Addanki Andrea Cadavid Technical University of Munich TUM School of Engineering and Design Chair of Renewable and Sustainable Energy System Munich, 2024  Sustainability Deficits of Transport Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 2  Energy Requirements of cars Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 3 The Energy Requirement of Driving Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 4  Rolling resistance 𝐹𝑅𝑜𝑙𝑙 = 𝑚𝑐𝑎𝑟. 𝑔. 𝑓𝑅𝑜𝑙𝑙. cos 𝛼 𝑚𝑐𝑎𝑟. 𝑔 FRoll N Rolling force mcar kg Mass of the car g m/s2 Gravity of Earth fRoll - Rolling resistance coefficient α ° Gradient angle Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 5  Gradient resistance 𝐹𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 𝑚𝑐𝑎𝑟. 𝑔. sin α 𝐹𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 α 𝐹𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 N Gradient resistance 𝑚𝑐𝑎𝑟. 𝑔 α FN N Normal force mcar kg Mass of the car 𝐹𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 G m/s2 Earth gravity α ° Gradient angle Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 6  Air resistance 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑣𝑐𝑎𝑟 2 𝐹𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 𝑐𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑔. A. 𝑣𝑟𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑔 , A 2 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 , 𝑣𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑟𝑒𝑙 = 𝑣𝑐𝑎𝑟 + 𝑣𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑖𝑟 N Drag force 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 kg/m3 Density of the fluid 𝐶𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑔 - Drag coefficient A m2 Cross sectional area 𝑣𝑟𝑒𝑙 m/s Relative speed 𝑣𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 m/s Fluid speed 𝑣𝑐𝑎𝑟 m/s Car speed Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 7  Acceleration resistance 𝐹𝑎𝑐 = 𝑚𝑐𝑎𝑟. 𝑎 𝐹𝑎𝑐 𝐹𝑎𝑐 N Acceleration resistance 𝑚𝑐𝑎𝑟 kg Mass of the car a m/s2 Acceleration Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 8  Determination of enery and fuel requirements 𝑃𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐹𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔. 𝑣𝑐𝑎𝑟 = (𝐹𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 + 𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙 + 𝐹𝑎𝑖𝑟 + +𝐹𝑎𝑐 ). 𝑣𝑐𝑎𝑟 𝐸𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐹𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔. 𝑣𝑐𝑎𝑟. 𝑡 = 𝑃𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔. 𝑡 𝐸𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐸𝑢𝑠𝑒 = 𝜂 𝐹𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 N Driving resistance 𝑃𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 W Driving power 𝐸𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 J Driving energy t s Time of travel 𝐸𝑢𝑠𝑒 J Energy demand (petrol, electricity…) 𝜂 - Engine efficiency, powertraing Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 9 The internal combustion engine The optimal efficiency The efficiency in conventional driving “Engines in large diesel trucks, buses, cycles and newer diesel cars can achieve peak efficiencies around 45%.” (Wikipedia, Average efficiencies are in the range of EPA) (18-22) %. The relation between temperature and efficiency Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 10 Car-Environment Interaction Accidents 𝑝ҧ = 𝑚. 𝑣ҧ Noise Exhaust emissions, fine particles Land use demand Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 11 Air Pollution What are the most relevant substances? How are they produced and in which quantities? How are the dispersed and what is the concentration in ordinary „breathing“ air? What are health impacts and what is the doses – impact ratio? What can we do to reduce the emissions or better health impacts? Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 12 What are the most relevant substances? Particulate matter (PM) PM is a common proxy indicator for air pollution. There is strong evidence for the negative health impacts associated with exposure to this pollutant. The major components of PM are sulfates, nitrates, ammonia, sodium chloride, black carbon, mineral dust and water. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) NO2 is a gas that is commonly released from the combustion of fuels in the transportation and industrial sectors. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) SO2 is a colourless gas with a sharp odour. It is produced from the burning of fossil fuels (coal and oil) and the smelting of mineral ores that contain sulfur. Carbon monoxide (CO) Carbon monoxide is a colourless, odourless and tasteless toxic gas produced by the incomplete combustion of carbonaceous fuels such as wood, petrol, charcoal, natural gas and kerosene. Ozone (O3) Ozone at ground level – not to be confused with the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere – is one of the major constituents of photochemical smog and it is formed through the reaction with gases in the presence of sunlight. Source: WHO Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 13 How are the pollutants produced? Natural occurring or added The substances is produced The substances is produced substances in the fuel. in the combustion process. by any kind of other process like braking or erosion of tires on the street. Sulphur or Lead NOx PMs Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 14 Sulphur Composition by weight crude oil (source: Wikipedia) Element Percent range Carbon (83 - 85) % Hydrogen (10 – 14 % Nitrogen (0.1 – 2) % Oxygen (0.05 – 1.5) % Sulphur (0.05 – 6.0) % Metals < 0.1 % Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 15 Air dispersion models Emission Dispersion Immission Atmospheric Environment Volume 163, August 2017, Pages 155-165 Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 16 Sulphur removal C2H5SH + H2 -> C2H6 + H2S Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 17 Diesel exhaust fluid- NOx reduction  Registered by the German Association of the Automotive Industry as AdBlue  NOx are formed at high combustion temperatures in an endothermic reaction  Lowering the combustion temperatures would reduce efficiency  Through the exhaust gas treatment is possible to keep high efficiency and low NOx emissions Source: de.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdBlue Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 18 WHO Global air quality guidelines (AQG) Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 19 PM 2.5 Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 20 Car-Environment Interaction Society Environment Climate Noise Stress, quality of life Disturbance to animals - CO2 No direct danger No direct danger Global warming Eyes Irritation, SO2 mucous membrane and respiratory tracts Acidifications - NOx respiratory tracts irritation Acidification, necrosis, eutrophication Ozone depletion Eyes Irritation, mucous membrane and respiratory tracts Inmission, condensation nuclei fog and Reduced reflection of ice and snow Fine particles blood circulation problems, Smog surfaces atherosclerosis, … Living space limitations, landscape Land use demand Living space limitations, air quality partitioning, local warming Reduction of the vegetation surface Accidents Injuries and fatalities Injuries and fatalities - Source: www.umweltbundesamt.de/themen/luft/luftschadstoffe; Bayerisches Landesamt für Umwelt, 2013, Lärm – Hören, messen und bewerten; www.scinexx.de/wissen-aktuell-15484-2013-01-17.html; Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 21  The greenhouse effect, CO2-Emissions and climate change The role of traffic in CO2-Emissions Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 22 Climate science The IPCC collects and summarizes knowledge and data about climate change. The knowledge is published in regular reports. The reports follow usually the following structure: The Physical Since Basis (WP 1) Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability (WP 2) Mitigation of Climate Change (WP 3) Reports can be found on the web-page of the IPCC: https://www.ipcc.ch/ Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 23 Climate data Many authorities collect data about greenhouse gas emissions. Attempts to measure the emissions are underway but still in ist infancy. Most emission data is calculated from data about fuel consumption. Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 24 Global CO2-Emissions 2019 Fuel Percentage Coal 44,0 % Oil 33,7 % Gas 21,6 % Other 0,7 % 33622 Mt CO2 Source: IEA Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 25 Greenhouse Gas Emission Emittent Percentage CO2 (Fossil Fuel) 65% CO2 (Land Use) 11% Methan 16% N2O 6% F-Gases 2% IPCC 2014 Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 26 Final Consumption of Oil 2019 Total Final Energy Oil: 169 EJ IEA 2019 Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 27 Global CO2 emissions by sector Source: https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/booklet2019/Fossil_CO2andGHG_emissions_of_all_world_countries_booklet_2019report.pdf Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 28 China CO2 emissions by sector Source: https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/booklet2019/Fossil_CO2andGHG_emissions_of_all_world_countries_booklet_2019report.pdf Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 29 India CO2 emissions by sector Source: https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/booklet2019/Fossil_CO2andGHG_emissions_of_all_world_countries_booklet_2019report.pdf Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 30 Mexico CO2 emissions by sector Source: https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/booklet2019/Fossil_CO2andGHG_emissions_of_all_world_countries_booklet_2019report.pdf Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 31 EU28 CO2 emissions by sector Source: https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/booklet2019/Fossil_CO2andGHG_emissions_of_all_world_countries_booklet_2019report.pdf Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 32 Bundesumweltamt Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 33 Greenhouse gase emissions from transport Germany 2018: 162 million tonne CO2 eq. (~ 19% from total GHG emissions) Road utility vehicles Rest of emissions Domestic air transport Diesel locomotive Coastal & inland navigation Road passenger cars Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 34 German passenger cars 50 1.100 45 1.000 40 900 800 35 700 30 Million cars billion km 600 25 500 20 400 15 300 10 200 5 100 0 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 PKW insgesamt Fahrzeuge Kilometer cars Total vehicles kilometers Quelle: Eurostat Database http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 35 German passenger vehicles by fuel 50 45 40 35 30 Electric-cars Million cars LPG 25 Natural gas 20 Diesel Gasoline 15 10 5 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Quelle: Eurostat Database http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 36 Direct CO2 from German passenger cars 180 160 140 120 g CO2 /km 100 80 60 40 20 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Quelle: Eurostat Database http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 37 CO2 emissions from newly registered cars in Europe EU Average under New European Driving Cycle EU Average: real emissions Objective 2020 under New European Driving Cycle Quelle: The international council on clean transportation http://www.theicct.org/ Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 38 Weight growth and fuel consumption Consumption (l/100 km) Weight (kg/vehicle) Quelle: E. Helmers 2015 Die Modellentwicklung in der deutschen Autoindustrie: Gewicht contra Effizient. Umwelt-Campus Birkenfeld der Hochschule Trier Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 39 Weight growth and fuel consumption Gasoline (l/100 km) Consumption (l/100 km) Weight (kg/vehicle) Quelle: E. Helmers 2015 Die Modellentwicklung in der deutschen Autoindustrie: Gewicht contra Effizient. Umwelt-Campus Birkenfeld der Hochschule Trier Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 40 Power growth and fuel consumption Gasoline (l/100 km) Consumption (l/100 km) Power (PS/vehicle) Quelle: E. Helmers 2015 Die Modellentwicklung in der deutschen Autoindustrie: Gewicht contra Effizient. Umwelt-Campus Birkenfeld der Hochschule Trier Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 41 Powegrowth and fuel consumption Consumption (l/100 km) Power (PS/vehicle) Quelle: E. Helmers 2015 Die Modellentwicklung in der deutschen Autoindustrie: Gewicht contra Effizient. Umwelt-Campus Birkenfeld der Hochschule Trier Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 42 A few take home messages The transport sector is a major contributor to greenhouse emissions, but not the biggest one? Electricity and heat production dominate the emission balance. Transport did not decline in the past decade in spite of major technological progress. Progress was converted to more comfort. Regulation did not regulate the actual emissions. Street transport dominates these days but aviation has the potential to become similar important. Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 43  CO2 and GHG emissions from aviation and shipping Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 44 CO2 emissions from International shipping Source: https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/booklet2019/Fossil_CO2andGHG_emissions_of_all_world_countries_booklet_2019report.pdf Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 45 CO2 emissions from International aviation Source: https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/booklet2019/Fossil_CO2andGHG_emissions_of_all_world_countries_booklet_2019report.pdf Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 46  Noise Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 47 Sound pressure of known noises and its effects Source: http://www.sundaytimes.lk/151101/news/ear-splitting-noise-of-the-new-age-alarm-health-experts-169907.html Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 48 Noise emissions in urban and long-distance traffic Source: Amundsen, Klaeboe. 2005 Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 49 Road traffic – Noise emissions in Munich (Day) Source: Lärmbelastungskataster Bayern, 2015 Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 50 Road traffic – Noise emissions in Munich (Night) Source: Lärmbelastungskataster Bayern, 2015 Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 51 Rail transport– Noise emissions in Munich (Day) Source: Lärmbelastungskataster Bayern, 2015 Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 52 Rail transport– Noise emissions in Munich (Night) Source: Lärmbelastungskataster Bayern, 2015 Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 53  Land Use Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 54 Land use in Germany and Singapore Water Settlement Inland transport 2.4 % 8.6 % Port and airport Transport 5.6 % Parks and natural 12 % Others 1.7 % areas 14 % 3% Forest 30.6 % Public buildings Utilities 8% 20 % Reservoirs 8% Settlement Agriculture 51.7 % Industry & 13 % 3% commerce 14 % 5% Defence Others Total German area: 357,376 km2 Total Singapore area: 719.9 km2 Transport 6 % Transport  15 % Source: www.umweltbundesamt.de/daten/flaechennutzung/struktur-der-flaechennutzung; Ministry of National Development, 2013, A high quality living environment for all Singaporeans Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 55 Land use Highways in Los Angeles www.google.de/maps/ Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 56 Land use Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 57 Parking at the Stadium– Same scale Allianz Arena München ≈69.000 seating Arrival by subway Parking place for 11,000 cars Parkplatz Dodger Stadium Los Angeles ≈56.000 seating Access mostly by car Ground level parking Source: Maps.bing.de Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 58 Highway and ICE-line Right: Left: Highway A9 High-speed line München-Nürnberg München- Nürnberg Nordportal Göggelsbuch tunnel Source: www.google.de/maps Sustainable mobility | Thomas Hamacher | Lecture 2 | 24. of October 2024 59