Lecture 2: What Happens When We Move Our Bodies PDF

Lecture 2: What happens when we move our bodies? Today’s take-aways The body’s regulatory cycles help us adapt to challenges and stressors Exercise is a stressor that impacts the peripheral and central nervous systems Peripheral effects can influence central...

Lecture 2: What happens when we move our bodies? Today’s take-aways The body’s regulatory cycles help us adapt to challenges and stressors Exercise is a stressor that impacts the peripheral and central nervous systems Peripheral effects can influence central mechanisms Two main classes of central effects  How does the body regulate itself? mesothor feeasaeeiancat.ae Homeostasis sam Ñᵗ amator as.vesiage Feedback system promoting stability through constancy (Canon, 1932) Allostasis exEwtEas Predictive system that anticipates demand, promoting stability through EE change (Schulkin & Sterling, 2019) smeros Lee et al., 2015 Just enough physiological resources, just in time ggggneemetoa msn.fi The stress response aids regulation The body’s stress response is visusonarans controlled by the hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis Hypothalamus: a deep brain structure that helps manage the functioning of the autonomic nervous system breathing neartrate prefer Pituitary gland: part of the endocrine system and makes multiple hormones Fiii Adrenal gland: a small gland that makes steroid hormones, cortisol, adrenaline, and noradrenaline. we siew Stress causes a chain reaction in this HPA axis Influences blood flow, respiration, metabolism, immune response, arousal, and more syst i mmune supresses Image courtesy: https://www.verywellhealth.com/hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-hpa-axis-5222557 www.istnaage How does our body respond to acute stress? releases hormone Acute stressors cause dynamic neuroendocrine changes Transient increase in catecholamines (e.g., norepinephrine, dopamine) Slow increase in corticosteroid (“stress”) hormones (e.g., cortisol) Give rise to cellular level effects that affect neural activity and alter gene transcription pp it Hermans et al., 2014  How does our body respond to acute stress? The acute stress response also impacts cognition Salience network: controls response to unexpected, novel, and conspicuous events. Eiji www.i ACC: Anterior cingulate cortex; INS: Insula; also: ventral frontal and temporal- parietal Executive network: Controls goals-relevant behavior. DLPFC: Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; PPC: Posterior parietal cortex Tradeoff in functioning between the salience e.g., Nekovarova et al., 2014 control network and executive control next work exconto avinsstegiiimwan.to unexpectedwent.ve Hermans et al., 2014 Exercise is a stressor onnig mangeonorwalstat exer Stress a real or interpreted threat to the physiological or psychological integrity (i.e., homeostasis) of an individual that results in physiological and/or behavioral responses (McEwen, 2005) miiies Increased Corticosteroids Increased Catecholamines onavereae.fr YEiiiii.me Hackney, 2006 Exercise has peripheral and central effects effeteness soon Peripheral “Outside the head”aspiration Peripheral nervous system Central spination “Between the ears” Central nervous system Exercise has peripheral and central effects oreast pain Rao & Gershon, 2016, Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology Peripheral nervous system The peripheral nervous system has two components Motor and Sensory Motor component Skeletal motor nervous system voluntary movements Autonomic nervous system Rao & Gershon, 2016, Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology Skeletal motor system Responsible for voluntary motor movements also known as somatic motor system an animation Autonomic motor system are Korean Regulates internal organs and the eyes Can be further divided into three divisions Parasympathetic “Rest and digest” dilation Sympatheticpupil “Fight or flight” response Enteric Manages digestion and associated processes Central nervous system The central nervous system has two main components Brain Spinal cord Khan Academy Central nervous system Signaling happens via Electrical activity i.e., action potentials Neurochemical changes i.e., neurotransmitters iiiia.io Central nervous system Neurotransmitters: ii Can be excitatory or inhibitory Can act globally or be regionally specific >100 known neurotransmitters Amino acids (e.g, Glutamate+, GABA-) Monoamines (e.g., serotonin, dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine) Peptides (endorphins) Acetylcholine Exercise has peripheral and central effects Rao & Gershon, 2016, Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology Peripheral - central interactions Blood brain barrier is a key point of interaction between the systems Selective membrane of eamon endothelial cells between the vasculature and brain tissue bounarsinbrain Ei Exercise can alter the permeability of the the blood-brain barrier periasitibanielliga fa.fi car Tabish & Narayan, 2021 Exercise effects a wide range of bodily functions iii iii Iiiiime Activity t.insim 1) With a few classmates, create a list of impacts of exercise on the body. LisiIi 2) How can we cluster, or group, these effects? www.i.in iriiim Classifying the effects of exercise on the CNS There are two types of effects of exercise on the CNS Neurotrophic Neuromodulatory Neurotrophic effects n Neurotrophic effects are those effects that exeriisiengenhiti fg neuronproliferation,grounonn building control neurogenesis, differentiation, and healthotwerron seperatirinemon Physical activity -> neurotrophic impacts Peripheral organs release molecular compounds into the bloodstream e.g.,. hormones, growth factors Some can cross the blood brain barrier inpati tocars get overesy in Physical activity -> neurotrophic impacts Example 1 Muscle contraction leads to the secretion of myokines These myokines generate a responement cascade that releases irisin and cathespin, which both have neuroprotective effects in the CNS ftpBBB apromote Physical activity -> neurotrophic impacts verease Example 2 peripheral Vigorous physical activity promotes the release of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) Not only does IGF control glucose metabolism, but also important for: Brain cell proliferation, differentiation, axon guidance, and synaptogenesis Physical activity -> neurotrophic impacts Example 3 Physical activity promotes the release Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor pmp.mu's (BDNF) BDNF supports neurogenesis (new cell growth from stem cells) Has a neuroprotective effect cornerons under adverse conditions Modulates neurotransmitter p function Synaptic plasticity connectionara Bathina & Das, 2015 Neuromodulatory effects Neuromodulatory effects are electrochemical effects that alter neural activity Physical activity -> neuromodulatory impacts apenue Example 1 was.fm Locomotive activity t promotes the release of serotonin Modulates activity via the raphe nucleus. Broad range of effects all over the brain affecting visual cortex activity, arousal, motivation Wikipedia E EEI  Physical activity -> neuromodulatory impacts Example 2 Locomotive activity promotes the release of dopaminerevaraxaverton Modulates activity via the ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra. Broad range of effects all over the brain affecting in mood arressneverdn Wikipedia Physical activity -> neuromodulatory impacts Example 3 Locomotive activity promotes the release of acetylcholine aisaami This neurotransmitter modulates activity in visual cortex via the basal forebrain (red) The basal forebrain is if.itii critically involved in the mr regulation of attention Perry et al., 1999 Exercise effects a wide range of bodily functions weave pointer.at EE IEE iii iIEEI Activity EE n inEt ii 1) With a few classmates, create a list of impacts of exercise on the body. 2) How can we cluster, or group, these effects? Today’s take-aways The body’s regulatory cycles help us adapt to challenges and stressors Exercise is a stressor that impacts the peripheral and central nervous systems Peripheral effects can influence central mechanisms via blood brain barrier Central effects can be neurotrophic or neuromodulatory Looking ahead Preparing you for reading arrive Tier IE iiiiiiiii Neill & Stryker, 2010 Bullock et al., 2017