Preschool Growth & Development Lecture Week 8 PDF

slidesmania.com Growth and Development lecture week 8 Health Promotion of the Preschool and Family Dr. Rawnaq Almahadeen Faculty of Nursing Mutah University 5 December 2024 ...

slidesmania.com Growth and Development lecture week 8 Health Promotion of the Preschool and Family Dr. Rawnaq Almahadeen Faculty of Nursing Mutah University 5 December 2024  slidesmania.com Learning Objectives ** Upon completion of this lecture, the student will be able to: 01 02 Identify the major biologic Discuss development of body development that occur during image that occur during the the preschool year preschool age group 03 04 Describe language and play Recognize the major psychosexual, developments that occur psychosocial, cognitive and moral during the preschool years developments that occur during the preschool years  slidesmania.com Preschool period (3-6 years of age) Introduction § Ability to interact cooperatively with other children and adults § Control of bodily functions § Experience of brief and prolonged periods of separation § Use of language for mental symbolization § Increased attention span and memory ready them for the next major period-the school years  slidesmania.com Preschool period (3-6 years of age) Introduction § Physical proportions no longer resemble those of the squat, pot-bellied toddler. Preschoolers are slender but sturdy, graceful, agile, and posturally erect § The rate of physical growth slows and stabilizes during the preschool years § During this period, most children are toilet trained. § For the most part, motor development consists of increases in strength and refinement of previously learned skills, such as walking, running, and jumping.  slidesmania.com Biologic Development Weight The average weight gain per year approximately 2-3 kg ≈14.7 kg at 3 years ≈16.7 kg at 4 years ≈18.7 kg at 5 years Height The average height gain per year approximately 5-7.5 cm ≈ 95 cm at 3 years ≈103 cm at 4 years ≈110 cm at 5 years  slidesmania.com Preschool age group Normal range Vital signs 36,5 – 37, 3°C Temperature 16-22 breath / min Respiratory rate 70- 115 beats/ min Heart rate 100/ 55 mm Hg Blood pressure  slidesmania.com Gross Motor Development Table 2. Gross motor development during preschool years Gross motor Age (Years) ü Rides tricycle 3 ü Stands on one foot for a few seconds ü Goes up stairs using alternate feet ü Broad jump ü Skips and hops on one foot 4 ü Walks downstairs using alternative footing ü Skips and hops on alternative feet 5 ü Jump rope & from height of 30 cm ü Walks backward with heel to toe ü Balances on alternate feet with eyes closed  slidesmania.com Fine Motor Development Table 2. Fine motor development during preschool years Fine motor Age (Years) ü Build tower of 9-10 cubes 3 ü Adeptly places small pellets in narrow necked bottle ü Make circle with facial features ü Uses scissors successfully to cut out picture following outline 4 ü Can lace shoes but may not be able to tie bow ü Copies square and traces a cross and diamond ü Ties shoelaces 5 ü Uses scissors, simple tools or pencil very well ü Copies diamond and triangle ü Prints a few letters, numbers or words such as first name ü Handedness is established (About 90% are right-handed)  slidesmania.com Development of Body Image 1) With increasing comprehension of language, preschoolers recognize that individuals have desirable and undesirable appearances. 2) Recognize differences in skin color& racial identity 3) Aware of the meaning of words such as "pretty" or "ugly“ 4) By 5 years, compare their size with their peers' and can become conscious of being large “so big” OR short “so little”  slidesmania.com Development of Body Image (cont.) Ø During the preschool period, the separation-individuation process is completed. Preschoolers have overcome much of the anxiety associated with strangers and the fear of separation of earlier years. Ø They relate to unfamiliar people easily and tolerate brief separations from their parents with little or no protest. However, they still need parental security, reassurance, guidance, and approval, especially when entering preschool or elementary school. Ø Prolonged separation, such as that imposed by illness and hospitalization, is difficult, but preschoolers respond to anticipatory preparation and concrete explanation.  slidesmania.com Social Development (Language & Play) Language Age (Years) ü 900 words 3 ü Uses sentences of 3-4 words ü Telegraphic speech ü 1500 words 4 ü Uses sentences of 5-6 words ü Name one or more colors ü Obey prepositional phrases (under, top of, beside, in back , in front of) ü 2100 words 5 ü Uses sentences of 6-8 words ü Name four colors ü Name coin ü Knowing name of days, week and months  slidesmania.com Social Development (Language & Play) Associative play: Preschoolers enjoy a Imaginative and Group play in similar sense of dramatic play is or identical activities accomplishment from typical of but without rigid activities such as preschoolers, who organization or rules building blocks enjoy fantasy  slidesmania.com Personality, Cognitive & Moral Development Theories Freud- Psychosexual stage Erikson- (Phallic) Psychosocial stage (Initiative Kohlberg-vs. Guilt) Moral judgment stage (Pre- Piaget- conventional) Cognitive stage (Preoperation al)  slidesmania.com Freud-Psychosexual stage (Phallic). 3-6 years old Ø The genitalia become an interesting and sensitive area of the body. Ø Primary body zone: genital area Psychosexual Ø Activities: genital exploration and recognize differences between the sexes and become curious about the dissimilarities. Development Ø Major conflict: Oedipus and Electra complexes Ø A particularly stressful thought is wishing one's parent dead. As a sense of rivalry or competition develops between the child and same-sex parent, the child may think of ways to get rid of the interfering parent. Ø In most situations, this rivalry is resolved when the child strongly identifies with the same-sex parent and peers during the school years.  slidesmania.com Erikson-Psychosocial stage (Initiative vs. Guilt) Ø Erikson maintained that the chief psychosocial task of this period is acquiring a sense of initiative. Psychosocial Ø Children are in a stage of energetic learning Development Ø Play, work, and live to the fullest and feel a real sense of accomplishment and satisfaction in their activities. For example, a young one may take the initiative to help with household chores and be proud of the contribution they make. Ø Conflict arises when children overstep the limits of their ability and inquiry and experience a sense of guilt for not having behaved appropriately.  slidesmania.com Erikson-Psychosocial stage (Initiative vs. Guilt) Ø Cooperates with other children and initiates activities with others Ø Guilt arises when child undertakes activities that are in conflict Psychosocial with goals of others Development Ø Feelings of guilt, anxiety, and fear may also result from thoughts that differ from expected behavior Ø When a child is playing with others, they may take the initiative to work together and find new ways to explore their imagination. However, if a child is excluded or made fun of by the group, it can lead to feelings of guilt and insecurity.  slidesmania.com One of the tasks related to the preschool period is readiness for school and scholastic learning. The preoperational phase comprises the age span from 2 to 7 years Cognitive Development Divided into two stages: 1) Pre-conceptual phase (2-4 yr)2) Intuitive thought phase (4-7 yr) One of the main transitions during these two phases is the shift from totally egocentric thought to social awareness and the ability to consider other viewpoints. However, egocentricity is still evident.  slidesmania.com Cognitive Development Preschoolers Consequently, time explain a concept Increase use is best explained in as they heard it language without Time is still relationship to an described by others, comprehending incompletely event, such as but their the meaning of understood “Your mother will understanding is words visit you after you limited. finish your lunch”  slidesmania.com Cognitive Development ØPreschoolers assume that everyone thinks as they do and that a brief explanation of their thinking makes the entire thought understood by others. Because of this self- referenced, egocentric verbal communication, it is often necessary to explore and understand young children's thinking through other, nonverbal approaches. ØPreschoolers increasingly use language without comprehending the meaning of words, particularly concepts of left and right, causality, and time. ØChildren may use the concepts correctly but only in the circumstances in which they have learned them. For example, they may know how to put on shoes by remembering that the buckle is always on the outside of the foot. However, if different shoes have no buckles, they cannot reason which shoe fits which foot. In other words, they do not understand the concept of left and right. ØAvoiding words such as yesterday, tomorrow, next week, or Tuesday to express when an event is expected to occur and instead associating time with expected daily events help children learn about temporal relationships while increasing their trust in others' predictions.  slidesmania.com Cognitive Development Ø Preschoolers' thinking is often described as magical thinking ; they believe that thoughts are all powerful Ø Preschoolers believe in the power of words and accept their meaning literally. In the preschooler’s mind, calling them “bad” means they are a bad person; thus, it is better to say that their actions were bad by saying, for example, “That was a bad thing to do.” Ø Understands the concept of opposites (hot/cold, soft/hard)  slidesmania.com Cognitive Development Ø Such thinking places them in the vulnerable position of feeling guilty and responsible for bad thoughts, which may coincide with the occurrence of a wished event. Their inability to logically reason the cause and effect of illness or an injury makes it especially difficult for them to understand such events. Ø Counseling children whose parents are going through a separation or divorce should involve a discussion with the child about his or her role. Because of magical thinking, the child may believe he or she wished the other parent away. The child should be reassured that this is not the case.  slidesmania.com Moral Development Kohlberg- Moral judgment stage (Pre-conventional or premoral) Punishment and obedience orientation Naive instrumental (2 -4 years) orientation (4-7 years)  slidesmania.com Moral Development Young children's development of moral judgment is at the most basic level. They have little, if any, concern about why something is wrong. They behave because of the freedom or restriction that is placed on actions. Punishment and Naïve instrumental obedience orientation (2 - orientation (4-7 years) 4 years) Determines good vs. bad dependent upon Actions are directed toward satisfaction their associated punishment or reward need (i.e., if the child bites or is verbally disrespectful Reciprocity or fairness involves the philosophy but is not punished for these activities, the child of "You scratch my back, and I'll scratch yours," will view those behaviors as good and continue to participate in them) with no thought of loyalty or gratitude  slidesmania.com Spiritual Development ØPreschoolers have a concrete concept of a God with physical characteristics, often similar to an imaginary friend. They understand simple religious stories, memorize short prayers, and imitate the religious practices of their parents without fully understanding the significance of these rituals. ØPreschoolers benefit from concrete representations of religious practices, such as picture religious books and animated videos/shows. ØDevelopment of the conscience is strongly linked to spiritual development. At this age, children are learning right from wrong and behaving correctly to avoid punishment. ØBad behavior provokes feelings of guilt, and preschoolers often misinterpret illness as a punishment for real or imagined bad behavior. Observing religious traditions and participating in a religious community can help children and their families cope during stressful periods, such as illness and hospitalization  slidesmania.com Thank you!