Lecture number 5, week number-5, 25-31/10/2024, BUC (PDF)

Lecture number 5 week number-5 25 - 31 / 10 / 2024  4- Gums and Mucilage Gums, mucilage and pectens are: complex polysaccharides formed from: sugars + uronic acid units Gums & mucilage are dietary & functional fibers  4- Gums and Mucilage Gums...

Lecture number 5 week number-5 25 - 31 / 10 / 2024  4- Gums and Mucilage Gums, mucilage and pectens are: complex polysaccharides formed from: sugars + uronic acid units Gums & mucilage are dietary & functional fibers  4- Gums and Mucilage Gums Mucilage ▪ They arepathological ▪ They are physiological products formed by injury of products the plant ▪ formed during metabolism ▪ They are amorphous, ▪ They formed from the cell wall translucent solid, insoluble in or deposited from it in alcohol & most organic successive layers solvents ▪ They consists of Ca, K, & Mg Mucilage normal salts of complex subs. products of plant metabolism Polyuronides. obtained without injuring ▪ By prolonged boiling ▪ Mucilage is thick gel with dilute acid substance produced by mixture of sugars + many plants & some uronic acids microorganisms ▪ There is 2 types: ▪ Types of mucilage: 1- gum acacia 1- neutral e.g. Fenugreek 2- gum tragacanth 2- acidic e.g. Linseed 3- seaweed e.g. Agar  Gums Gum tragacanth Gum acacia ‫الصمغ العربى‬ ▪ Origin: it is the air hardened ▪ Origin: obtained from stem & branches of gummy exudate obtained by Acacia senegal Del. {wild} family Leguminosae incision from the trunk & ▪ The tree is known as Kordofan, best branches of Astragalus variety is Senegal & Nigerian gummifer family Leguminosae ▪ Exudes very slowly{tree 6-year- ▪ It exudes very rapidly old} after incision {tree 2-year-old} ▪ Exudes after {20-30 day} ▪ Formation: in cells of pith and ▪ Formation: in cambium cells medullary rays, this process is during formation of known as gummosis new phloem ▪ Constituents: page 211 ▪ Constituents: *Arabin {salts of Arabic acid, on Composed of 2 parts: hydrolysis give series of * tragacanthin{H2O soluble} polysaccharides + uronic * Bassorin {H2O insoluble} acid + amino acid + ▪ Best type contains least amount of tragacanthin *oxidase enzyme ▪ Gums are insoluble in C.f. Gum tragacanth alcohol No blue colour with dil. Iodine ▪ It contains peroxidase - Give blue colour with benzidine enzyme + starch + H2O2 due to presence of oxidase enzyme  By- products A- Cell End Product {Ca. Ox.} ▪ It is an inorganic waste product which produces characteristic crystalline forms, and it is very common cell content in plant tissues ▪ It is formed because of the reaction between: Calcium from soil + oxalic acid which produced by the plant {because of metabolic process} ▪ It contains 3 molecules of water of crystallization Characters of Ca.Ox.: Insoluble in alcohol Insoluble in acetic acid ▪ Affected by a solution of KOH after long time. Dissolve in HCL, but with no effervescence ????‫يستخدم للتفرقة بين‬ Dissolve in H2SO4 and form fine needles of CaSO4 Different forms of calcium oxalates Single crystals Aggregated crystals Styloid Cluster crystals Prismatic crystals Micro rosette Acicular crystals Ideoplasts {sandy crystals} Twined crystals Raphides  What is Cell? What is Cytology? ▪ Cytology is the ▪ It is the study of the fundamental and important structure and functions topic in all of biology of cells. Three differences between plant and animal cells  Plant Cells & Tissues Plant cell structure ▪ Almost the plant cells have vacuoles which have the function to transport and store nutrients, water and waste products. ▪ Plant cells contain plastids, structures which synthesize and store food. The most common are chloroplasts. ▪ The plant cells have a rigid cellulosic cell wall What Are Vacuoles? Plant cells additionally possess large, fluid-filled vesicles called vacuoles within their cytoplasm. Vacuoles typically compose about 30 % of a cell's volume, but they can fill as much as 90 % of the intracellular space. Plant cells use vacuoles to adjust their size and turgor pressure.  This figure explains what is turgor pressure  THE Cell WALL The original cell wall may undergo various chemical modifications that lead to change its physical properties. Functions of the cell wall: 1- Protects the contents of the cell 2- Limit their size 3-Involved in the transport, absorption and secretion of different substances  Plant Cells and Tissues Ground tissue Vascular tissue Dermal tissue Support ,Storage Support & & Covering photosynthesis Conduction & Protection parenchyma Xylem Phloem collenchyma sclerenchyma Epidermis ❖Epidermal cells are devoid from chlorophyll ❖ All epidermal cells are covered with cuticle ❖ Epidermal cells are usually tabular, lenticular to somewhat radial flattened without intercellular spaces in between except for the stomata. Which of the following figures is for upper epidermis & which is for lower one ????  Different Types of Stomata Dicot Plants Monocot Plants Dumbbell-shaped Anisocytic Anomocytic stomata stomata Paracytic Diacytic stomata stomata Anomocytic Anisocytic Paracytic Diacytic Types of Stomata in Dicotyledons: 1- Anomocytic -type Stomata“Ranunclaceous”: Note the surrounding cells are varying in number 4 - 8, have no special arrangement and generally not differ from other epidermal cells e.g.: Digitalis. 2- Paracytic type Stomata “Rubiaceous”: Note the stoma is surrounded by 2 which having their long axis parallel to the ostiole e.g.: Senna 3- Diacytictype Stomata “Caryophyllaceous”: Note the stoma is surrounded by 2 subsidiary cells having their long axis perpendicular to the ostiole e.g.: Mentha and Thyme. 4- Anisocytictype Stomata “Cruciferous”: Note the stoma is surrounded by usually 3 or more subsidiary cells, one of which is distinctly smaller than the others e.g.: Datura & Belladonna Epidermal cells show different types of hairs Non-glandular hairs Glandular hairs {Covering trichomes} {with swollen head}  1- parenchyma cells: ‫خاليا برانشيمية‬ It is formed of mostly rounded or irregular cells, mostly thin walled and having narrow intercellular space. 2- Chlorenchyma tissue: It is a type of parenchyma either elongated {palisade of the leaf} or rounded {spongy tissue} and mostly contains chloroplast.  To Remember Differentiate between: Or Mention Differences between each of the following 1- Organized & Unorganized drugs 2- Official & Non-official Drugs 3- Primary & Secondary Metabolites 4- Upper & Lower Epidermises 5- Guard & Epidermal Cells 6- ………………… Identify the following unknown powdered drug number ………….. and fill the scheme bellow: I- Physical Properties: a- Condition: ……………………………………………………. b- Colour: ……………………………………………………. c- Odour: ……………………………………………………. d- Taste: ……………………………………………………. e- Touch: ……………………………………………………. f- Homogeneity: ……………………………………………… g- Effect of acids: ……………………………………………… h- Effect of alkalis: ……………………………………………… j- Effect of heat: ……………………………………………….  I- Chemical examination of the unknown powdered drug: Microscopical Mount Observation Result Mount in dilute iodine solution ………..………………………. ………..…………….………………. ……………………………………… Powder with dilute HCl ………..………………………. ………..………….…………………. ……………………………………… II- Microscopical mounts: Mount in dilute glycerin  I- Microscopical examination: 1- Shape: ………………………………………………………………..……………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………. 2- Aggregation: ………………………………………………………………..……………………… 3- Hilum: ………………………………………………………………..……………………… 4- Striation: ………………………………………………………………..……………………… II- Draw labeled sketch for your unknown: I- Conclusion: The unknown powdered drug number ……………... is …………………………………….. II- Scientific name of the drug is: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….