Lecture Notes on Psychedelics (Mesc et al. PDF)

# PSYCHEDELICS ## Mescaline * Active ingredient in peyote cactus, San Pedro cactus and Peruvian Torch cactus. * Isolated and named in 1897 by Heffler. * Synthesized in 1919 by Spath. * Used to treat illness and in religious and cultural ceremonies dating back to the Aztecs. * Only psychedelic sanc...

# PSYCHEDELICS ## Mescaline * Active ingredient in peyote cactus, San Pedro cactus and Peruvian Torch cactus. * Isolated and named in 1897 by Heffler. * Synthesized in 1919 by Spath. * Used to treat illness and in religious and cultural ceremonies dating back to the Aztecs. * Only psychedelic sanctioned for open use by US government (Native American Church) ### Peyote Cactus * Native to the deserts of Mexico and the Southwestern United States. ### San Pedro Cactus and Peruvian Torch Cactus * Found in South America. ### History * Isolated in 1897 by German pharmacologist Arthur Heffler. * Synthesized in the lab in 1919 by Ernest Spath. * First psychedelic compound to be synthesized. * Here in Canada and the US it is used by members of the Native American Church, which has members in the hundreds of thousands, who regard the peyote as sacrament just like in the Aztecs did and so their use of it was legalized under the freedom of religion. * Weekly ceremonies lasting from Saturday night until Sunday morning. ### Mainstream Culture * Entered mainstream culture in the 1950s with publication of Huxley's "The Doors of Perception". * Widespread use in universities until LSD and laws were introduced to control all psychedelics. ### Mescaline ADME * Consumed orally. * Mescal buttons have nauseous odor and bitter taste. * Typical dose 200-500 mg/5-15 buttons. * Rapidly and completely absorbed. * Relatively Long Acting (4-12 hours). * Structurally similar to norepinephrine but it acts on serotonin, type 2A receptors (agonist). ### Mescaline Effects * Similar effects as LSD but 1/2000th as potent. **1st Symptoms**: * Nausea, vomiting, tremors, incoordination. * **After Approximately 1 Hour**: * Vivid hallucinations. **Initial Physiological Effects**: * Nausea, vomiting, tremors, and incoordination, in other words, you first see physiological effects, but after about an hour or so, vivid hallucinations start happening which are usually visual and consist of brightly coloured lights, geometric designs, animals, and even people sometimes. ### Mescaline Tolerance and Dependence * Tolerance develops rapidly. * Tolerance dissipates within approximately 7 days. * No physical dependence. * Minimal to no psychological dependence. ### Tolerance * Tolerance is almost immediate. ### Minimal Psychological Dependence * A lack of compulsive use. ### Minimal Dependence * The long duration and significant emotional expense of the trip. * The rapid development of tolerance such that repeated ingestion is useless. * The inconsistent, uncontrollable and context-dependent effects. # Phencyclidine (PCP) ## General Info * Synthetic. * Developed and marketed in 1963 as an analgesic and anesthetic. * Use discontinued in humans due to adverse reactions in recovery. * When medical use halted, it appeared on the street under a variety of names e.g., angel dust, crystal, hob. ### History * Proved very effective and safe as both because it did not depress bp, hr or respiration. ### Recovery * When people were in recovery, regaining consciousness from being sedated, they were experiencing some unpleasant symptoms such as confusion, disorientation, agitation and hallucinations. * Its use was restricted to animals. * In the same year that its medical use was halted, it appeared on the street... ## PCP ADME * Comes in various forms. * Administered orally, intra-nasally, intravenously, and via inhalation. * Long half-life. * Many psychoactive metabolites. * Effects typically last 4-6 hours. * Effects followed by partial or total amnesia. ## PCP Mechanism Of Action * Antagonist of glutamate and aspartate at NMDA receptor: leading to increase of DA in nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex, and basal ganglia. * Inhibit serotonin re-uptake; increase serotonin in cortex. * Agonistic action at opiate and adenosine receptors. ## PCP Effects * **Dose of 5 mg**: * Euphoria * Slurred speech * Motor incoordination; clumsiness, staggering * Drowsiness * Numbness of extremities; tingling * **Dose of 10 mg or more**: * Increased HR and BP * Sweating, nausea * Pupil dilation ### Low Doses * Alcohol like effects ### Higher Doses * The effects become more difficult to predict but what can be seen are... * **Dose of 10 mg or more**: * Analgesia * Changes in body image * Prolonged visual stare * Nystagmus * Blurred or double vision * Feeling detached from others/surroundings or their own body * Amnesia ### Notable Observations * Can withstand significant pain. * Body image: abnormally large or small. * Stare: a very blank stare; eyes look like doll's eyes. * Detached: Can feel like they are floating in space. * Amnesia: for events or actions while intoxicated. * Hallucinations quite different from LSD; e.g., no colourful images, no synesthesia. ## PCP Effects with High Doses * **Dose of 10 mg or more**: * Frenzied motor activity or catatonic stupor. * Sudden mood changes. * Disorientation, confusion. * Delusional thought. * Repetitive stereotyped movements * **Psychotic Behavior**: * Disappears as drug levels decline but sometimes requires hospitalization. * **Dose of 15 mg**: * Psychotic symptoms start to emerge. ### Notable Observations: * Stupor - where person remains immobile for long periods of time. * Sudden mood changes that swing from laughter to crying with no discernable trigger. * Delusional thought is often paranoid in nature. * Average hospital stay is about 2 weeks and lingering symptom is depressed mood. * Treatment antipsychotics like Haldol, barbs, and bexo to calm down, treat restless, potential convulsion, washing out GI tract. ## PCP Toxic Effects * **With high doses (20 mg)**: * Respiratory depression. * Generalized seizures. * Pulmonary edema. * **Fetal Effects**: * Use in pregnancy slows growth, precipitates labor, and causes fetal distress. * Infants show muscle stiffness, tremor, irritability, and attention problems (latter can last several years). * Animal studies: widespread brain cell death ### Notable Observations * As noted in text, problems with studies are mothers are poly drug users. * Widespread cell death in developing rat brain. ## PCP Tolerance and Dependence * With daily use, develops within 2-3 weeks. * Psychological dependence develops. * No clear evidence of withdrawal syndrome in humans. ### Tolerance * 1st time users typically need only a few puffs of a PCP laced cigarette to experience effects, but within 2-3 weeks of daily use someone may be smoking two joints at a time to get the same effect. ### No Tolerance At Low Doses * Anti-convulsant action. ### Cause of Tolerance * No clear understanding of the mechanism responsible for tolerance. ### Animal Studies * Suggest there may be some behavioral compensation but a study done with mice reports withdrawal symptoms of: * Grinding of teeth, diarrhea, difficulty staying awake, * Vocalizations, tremors. # Ketamine Usage in Depression (Canada) * Major depression occurs in 1/10 Canadians (lifetime). * Many forms of treatments. * Treatment does not work for at least 1 out of 3 people who experience depression. * Treatment Resistant Depression (TRD). ### Notable Observations: * Researching the impacts that ketamine has on TRD. ### Ketamine Clinic: * Opened in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan in 2016. * Had approximately 100 patients who went in to receive ketamine infusions for their TRD. ### Research Results: * Have seen progress in their patients. * Improvements in everyday functioning (less debilitating). * Not “cured” but significantly helped their symptoms. # References * Evaluation of IV Ketamine for Treatment Resistant Depression. (2024). Saskatchewan Health Authority. https://www.saskhealthauthority.ca/our-organization/our-direction/research/who-we-are/exciting-discoveries/evaluation-iv-ketamine-treatment-resistant-depression * Hancock, S.D., & McKim W.A. (2017). Drugs and Behaviour (8th Edition). Pearson Education (US). * Mandal, S., Sinha, V. K., & Goyal, N. (2019). Efficacy of ketamine therapy in the treatment of depression. Indian journal of psychiatry, 61(5), 480-485. https://doi.org/10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_484_18 # Ketamine Usage in Depression (Study) * Major Depression can be very debilitating for individuals. * Some people may be treatment resistant to current treatments. * Ketamine is a new upcoming treatment method. * Mandal et al., explores the efficacy of it on depression. ### Study Design and Methodology * **Participants:** * 20 males. * Aged 18-60 years old. * Meet diagnostic criteria for “Severe depressive episode” on the ICD-10. * **Treatment**: * Were given a total of six doses of Ketamine over the span of 2 weeks. ### Results * **Findings**: * **Significant improvements after one hour of treatment in**: * Anxiety * Depression * **After a few weeks, found improvements in**: * Anxiety * Depression * Severity of illness # Salvinorin A ## General Info * Psychoactive compound found in the mint plant "Salvia divinorum" (leaves contain about .18% Salvinorin A). * Plant is indigenous in a region in Oaxaca, Mexico. * Traditionally used by Mazatec shamans for health purposes and spiritual healing purposes. * First reported in the 1930s and psychoactive compounded identified in 1990. ### Other Names * Magic Mint or Sally D or Puff. * Stands for “the diviner's sage” - but I have also read that the name means "savior of the seers" - the name of the plant is also generally shortened to just Salvia. ### Key Difference * Different from the other hallucinogens because it is not an alkaloid. ### History * The traditional use, which dates back centuries. * The plant was used to treat both real and magical health conditions. * **Real conditions**; * Anemia (feelings of cold, tiredness, weakness: bloodhas fewer red blood cells and so has reduced ability to carry oxygen), * Diarrhea, * Headaches, * Rheumatism (inflammation, pain in joints). * **Magical conditions**: * Swollen belly, which, they believed was due to being cursed through black magic. ### Psychoactive Properties * The psychoactive properties of the drug were first reported in the 1930s by Albert Hoffman (who 1st reported on LSD) and Gordon Wasson (who reported on magic mushrooms). ## Salvinorin A in the 21st Century * Recreational use saw a rise in popularity in the 21st century. * Schedule IV drug in Canada. * Usage is relatively low, with highest rates in teens and young adults * 2009: 1.6% aged 15 or older (7.3% in ages 15 to 24) * 2019: 2.2% aged 15 or older (4.8% ages 20 to 24 * vs 2.1% ages 25+) ## Canadian Legislation * According to Health Canada: * Schedule IV drug in Canada - Controlled Drugs and Substances Act. * Activities such as the sale, possession and production of salvia are illegal unless authorized for medical, scientific or industrial purposes. * There are no industrial or commercial uses for salvia divinorum in Canada. * Schedule IV drug in Canada since 2015. ## Salvinorin A in the United States * Not scheduled federally, but some states are regulating it. * Missouri: Schedule I drug. * Maine: Its use is regulated like alcohol and tobacco - children under the age of 18 cannot buy it. ### Illegal In The US * Businesses advertising the sale of salvia divinorum seeds (e.g., Etsy-Canada). ## Salvinorin A In Canada: * According to the 2009 Canadian Alcohol and Drug Use Monitoring Survey, 1.6% have tried Salvia at least once in their lifetime with numbers rising to 7.3% in ages 15 to 24. * In the most recent survey, which was done in 2019, it was 2.2%. Data was suppressed for confidentiality reasons for ages 15 to 19). * Highest rates in NB at 3.0%, BC was the 2nd lowest after NL at %. ## Salvinorin A ADME * Administration: * Oral: * Leaves chewed; held in mouth for 20 to 30 min. * Tinctures: drops into cheek. * Typical dose: 30 grams of fresh leaves. * Smoked/Inhalation: * Dried leaves burned. * Dried leaves vaporized and aerosol mixture inhaled. * Typical dose: 250 to 750 milligrams. ## Oral Admin * Leaves are chewed and then held in the mouth for absorption to occur through the mucous membranes of the mouth, held for about 15 to 20 minutes. * When used traditionally, the leaves will be crushed, their juices blended with water, and then the liquid is ingested, but also held in the mouth. * Leaves or the liquid are not swallowed as salvinorin A is fully degraded in the GI tract and will not get into the bloodstream. ## Smoked Admin * Dry leaves are burned and smoked. Often nowadays the salvia leaves that are smoked have been treated with purified salvinorin A or pure salvinorin A. ## Cigarette * 830 milligrams of dried plant contained 2.7 milligrams of Salvinorin. * Can yield about 133 micrograms in the smoke. * Salvinorin is rapidly metabolized so even less gets into the brain. ## Tinctures * Leaves are soaked in alcohol/water mixture and then drops are placed into cheek (not sublingually as text notes, no effects realized with sublingual admin). ### Typical Doses * Fresh Leaves: 30 grams. * Dried Leaves: 2-8 grams. * Smoking: 250 to 750 milligrams. ## Salvinorin A Distribution * Rapidly distributed throughout the body and quickly eliminated. ### With Oral Admin * Effects felt within 5 - 10 minutes, build and plateau over another hour, and then begin to slowly decline after 60 minutes. ### With Smoking * Effects are experienced within 30 seconds, peak in 5 to 10 minutes (2 minutes with vaporization) and gradually decline over 20 to 30 minutes ## Salvinorin A Elimination * Cleared from the brain with an active transport mechanism. * Metabolized by the liver and gallbladder. * Principle Metabolite: Inactive, known as Salvinorin B ## Salvinorin A Pharmacology * **Opioid Agonist** at Kappa receptors. * **Animal studies suggest** that it indirectly affects other neurotransmitter systems. * Inhibiting release of dopamine in striatum, prefrontal cortex, and nucleus accumbens. * Inhibiting release of serotonin in hippocampus. * Stimulates release of NE in hippocampus. ### Evidence * Clear evidence that it is an opiate... * Beyond this, little is definitively known about its pharmacological actions in humans. ### Research * Animal studies, however, have suggested that... * **Notably**: * **DA**: All areas that we know are affected with the LSD. * **Hippcampus**: Maybe what is playing a role in the reliving of memories. * **Striatum and prefrontal cortex**: Part of the... ## Salvinorin A Effects * **Physiological Effects**: * Increased sweating. * Body feeling warm/hot or "chills". * Dizziness. * Nausea. * Intense drooling. * Decreased heart rate. * Experiences of rotation. ### Salvinorin A Effects: Similar To Psychedelics * Despite not acting on serotonin type 2A receptors (there is no current evidence) it will have similar effects to the psychedelics that have been discussed. ### Range of Salvinorin A Effects: * Salvias effects range from minor physiological effects, to a subtle alteration of consciousness to a full blown psychedelic trip. * **Examples**: * Experiences of rotation - such as being inside or becoming a hamster wheel * **Behavioral**: * Impaired coordination. * Uncontrollable laughter. * **Psychological**: * Feeling calm, dreamy like state. * Improved mood and self-confidence. * Increased insight and creativity. * Mind racing. * Time distortions. * Spiritual experiences. * **Psychedelic**: * Colourful visions of objects and designs. * Perception of becoming an object. * Changes in bodily form. * Revisiting places from the past. * Overlapping realities. * "Salvia Winds": feeling of intense sideways or downwards pressure. ### Notable Observations * Perceptions that they have become an object or merged with an object: some objects that people have reported include: brick, pain, a pant leg, a ferris wheel, French froes, or a cartoon character which talked to other characters in the cartoon. * **Reliving Experiences**: * Revisiting places, relieving experiences in those place- especially experiences from childhood. * **Overlapping Realities**: * Where they feel they are in numerous places all at the same time ## Salvinorin A Effects: Negative Effects * Effects not always pleasant. * **Some adverse effects are**: * Headaches * Drowsiness. * Dysphoria. * Feeling of terror and panic attacks. ### Unpleasant Effects * In addition to the ones already noted e.g., drooling, nausea, motor incoordination, the mind racing, the salvisa winds people can experience some unpleasant effects. * Headaches, drowsiness - may last for hours or even days after drug use. * Dysphoria, low mood, irritability, * Feeling of terror... from hallucinations # Salvinorin A Tolerance and Dependence * No evidence of tolerance.. * **Mild withdrawal symptoms**: * Headache, irritability, insomnia * Case study reported nausea, vomiting, diarrhea stomach pain that developed in 48 hours and persisted for 3 days. ### Case Study * **Text2012**: Case Study: 51 year old, smoked multiple times per day for 4 months. # Salvinorin A: Experiences * Garden or common sage (salvia officinalis) has been used by indigenous populations of the Pacific Northwest in "smudging" ceremonies, where sage is burned to remove negative energies. It's said to give a "pleasant feelings" by "removing the bad spirits" as members guide the smoke over themselves. Full brushes of Sage are used in sweat lodges to "help get the bad out" from inside, by sweating. The excessive sweating and euphoric results of common sage in these ceremonies are reminiscent of salvia divinorum. * (Personal communication with elders at The Native Community Center, Toronto) ### Anecdotes * "It first felt like I was being lifted from my body, out the top of my head. Not my vital body, but my spiritual light body - the vehicle of my consciousness. After a dreamy like state where I visited a swing set from back in my child hood, I had a talk with an invisible entity that answered some of my questions...I asked it things like, "Is this for real?" and "Why doesn't everybody stay in this state?" Of course I asked, "What do I do with myself for the rest of my life?" It might sound far-fetched, but I experienced immortality. I felt what it's like to leave my body, and then re-enter it like it was a robot. My body didn't feel like "me" - it felt like a bio-organic machine I could control and move around... make speak and sing if I wanted to, as well. " (http://www.salviadragon.com/salviaeffects.htm) * "In the beginning of the experience (of which the psychotropic effects are described above) I lied on my bed, breathing slowly and focusing my attention, with no movement, exactly what I do in order to enter a conscious dream. I observed slight visions: three Japanese in blue kimonoes, a girl, dressed in orange, in a sitting position, and seen from beneath. She moved and "flied" away, like in typical hypnagogic imagery. No reiterations. I could feel slight "presences", like with the reference opiate I experimented: buprenorphine or with the indolalkylamine psilocine. Then I left my room and walked outside and noticed the above described phenomena. First, I felt very quiet. After about 20 minutes I started to feel more this feeling of mitragyna-like laziness and the effects of a difficulty in thinking verbally or thinking at all. This is also encountered with mitragynine. I felt a bit prostrate, like with buprenorphine, indifferent to the outside world. Such an indifference can also be induced by captopril, by the way. While walking I had the feeling that I was grinning but I could not smile or find anything funny such as with gamma-oh or whisky, may I say! Just a feeling of grin, without inner rejoice or happiness." (http://www.shaman-australis.com/~claude/salvia.html) * "The first thing to happen was for my vision (I could still see a little, from a small digital clock in the room) to just spin out of control, into a tunnel. I got a bit nervous, reaching for the light. With the light on, I felt a little strange, but no visual activity, so I mustered up some courage, shut off the music and turned the light out. I lay back and relaxed. What happened was wonderful. At first I kept switching realities... I was completely somewhere and someone else. I lived a complete life, had a complete memory of this life, and was just putting something on a shelf when I snapped back here to who I am. This sort of thing happened about three times. In one of them, the only thing I was aware of was that someone had just let out a blood-curdling scream. I was back here instantly, although I was scared that someone in my house had just heard that scream, but luckily it wasn't me screaming. After this I just enjoyed some morphing color patches. They were not very bright, but very beautiful. Then the plant starting to talk with me. It was definitely female. I felt as if my mother was holding me as an infant, but unlike my mother. This was somehow more comforting. I felt better than I have ever felt in a trip..." (http://www.erowid.org/experiences/exp.php?ID=2139) * "I must have lost consciousness briefly. Or, there was no transition. The next thing I experienced was the feeling of my stretching grin extending outside of my face, or, beyond the borders of what I have learned to experience as my face. Was there a ripping sound? Was there a painful feeling of pins and needles, a feeling of the skin being stretched beyond what is normal? I was laying on my back, on the bed, and the right half of my body was being stretched out and somehow below me. The left half of my body was being pulled up and out. The vaulted arch of our ceiling opened up, and a Caucasian man, with a hat like a bowler, leaned down to his right, down to the brown leg of his slacks. He looked at me, from what seemed nearly a hundred feet, and said, "It's time to go now," and began moving his right leg forward in a step. As his right leg swung forward, my body was merging into his pant leg, below his knee, this part of his body being as tall as I am. Rather, most of my body was being pulled into his leg. My neck, arms, and head were being dragged forward as the bed was being stretched. The visual experience was as if the world, including my body and all that I saw, had become flat, two-dimensional, and was a sheet, or a thin rubber skin, a layer. As the pulling forward and out was taking place, the colored forms of what I saw were smeared, as if a running palette of colors, pulled, stretched, thinned. I pulled back, wondering if I could pull away from this tearing of the world. 'It's time to go now.' My body and the world as I knew it, was being pulled into the black universe, stars studding the space, while the outline of this man was covered with the "being pulled", "smeared" reality, of which I was an integral part. -- I was stunned, frightened, disbelieving. I think it hurt, but even more painful was the idea that 'This was it.' My mind began trying to sort out what had happened. [...] My wife later told me I was staring in disbelief around me and at my body and saying 'It's smeared, it's smearing. It's the universe. We are moving into the universe, it's ending.' I looked carefully at my left forearm and hand. I saw the transition between my flesh, and tiny bubbles of color, streaming upward and outward into the pulling canvas of matter. My legs were doing the same thing, as was the entire room. 'It's time to go now.' The sense continued, hammering. I felt, but did not think, 'No, I'm not ready. There is so much undone, unfelt, unsaid.' I felt I should have been better warned or prepared. [...] I wondered about the plant from which this material was derived. Is this the reason for the plant's existence? To mediate the ending of the universe? -- To one of my requests for reassurance my wife said 'It's happening, relax, lay back in bed.' I'd been twisting and turning, trying to move away from the dissolving edge. I said to my wife 'If this is how it ends, I ought to just relax. I will miss you, I'm glad we met. Please lay by my side so we can go out together.' She lay down next to me and I kissed her forehead. She then lay across my chest, enveloping me with her body. I felt her love, and felt we were ending together. I felt us both merging with the edges of the end, and felt my body merging more fully with the sheet of reality that we were becoming. -- Some moments later I opened my eyes again, and felt the ripping and pulling diminishing. I looked up and saw that the ceiling was beginning to congeal around a well-demarcated line. I looked at my left hand and saw there was an irregular line, curving in the same pattern as that of the ceiling. My hand was slowly filling in with substance again..." (http://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/salvinorin/j3.shtml) * "He said that after taking the last hit and laying down, that was the last thing he remembered for awhile. It was just like being hit over the head with a baseball bat. As awareness resurfaced, he would perceive the room; but no sooner did he perceive it than he was rolled under again, becoming one with the totality of the cosmos. He would then roll back into the room again and see us briefly, knowing that he was about to be rolled right back under, and was fearful that this process was never going to end. He said the image that came to mind was being rolled up in straw mats, becoming one with the mat, with no differentiation between self/other. At one point, when he sat up and rested his hands on the carpet, he perceived himself as resting his hands on an ocean of fish, packed very tightly. As he rolled back into the room, he would perceive the floor as being about chest high, with only his upper torso and head emerging briefly, followed by becoming totally dissolved back into the ground. As he was comforted by his wife, he was concerned that he would take her under with him when the next roll came around. Thus in the intensity of the experience it was a total body/mind trip, with no ability to distinguish this as merely an altered state of consciousness. This was the most powerful psychedelic experience my friend had ever had, bar none! He said, 'It's right up there with birth and death!"" (http://www.erowid.org/experiences/exp.php?ID=2140) * "Not fully satisfied with the effects of smoked Salvia...I tried 18 large leaves 14-18 cm long (minus stem length). These were rolled into two "cigars" and held in my mouth, chewing occasionally, sucking and holding the juice about 3-5 minutes. I tried to wet the whole inner surface of my mouth for maximum absorption. The taste is very bitter. Then I swallowed and repeated the process until no more juice could be obtained and I spat out the empty "cigars." WOW! I doubt if I'll ever bother smoking Salvia again! The first ten minutes: nothing. Then suddenly the effect came on overwhelmingly within the space of a minute. I tried to tell my wife about it, but couldn't speak: I was just too amazed and kept uttering: "Strong, so great!" This inability to speak became [unaccountably] amusing: I began to laugh uncontrollably and had to bury my face in the pillows, not wanting to wake the kids in the next room. (Sometimes when smoking I experienced this laughter also, but not with such intensity and duration a full five minutes of non-stop, very powerful laughter. Finally I got it under control and rolled over on my back in the darkened room. With closed eyes I was standing in strange buildings, similar to those in fantasy paintings or ancient oriental palaces: the Alhambra of Grenada. A large, almost endless empty hall with beautiful arches and hundreds of columns: all in a strange, gloomy, blue-grey light with colors expressive of deep magic and majesty. Then I remembered someone's report of "becoming a plant" on Salvia: instantly I turned into a tree with bark like oak (many plateaus and valleys), yet somehow smooth and not rough like an oak. This bark was like a sense organ: I felt like a tree feels. (I know it sounds odd, but while it was happening I had no doubt that a tree feels that way.) Then I sensed the presence of something else, but couldn't get an image of it. This was accompanied by strong emotions which are impossible to describe. I became suddenly very attracted to my wife lying beside me - the effect changed from entheogen to aphrodisiac." (http://www.entheogenreview.com/) ==End of OCR for page 38==