Lecture 9th Chem 551 PDF

# Lecture 9th ## Chem 551 ## 2- Synthetic Food Colors * Synthetic Food Colors also known as Artificial Food Colours, are manufactured chemically, and are the most commonly used dyes in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries * Seven dyes were initially approved under the Pure Food and Dr...

# Lecture 9th ## Chem 551 ## 2- Synthetic Food Colors * Synthetic Food Colors also known as Artificial Food Colours, are manufactured chemically, and are the most commonly used dyes in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries * Seven dyes were initially approved under the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, but several have been delisted and replacements have been found. ### Current seven * In the USA, the following seven artificial colorings are permitted in food under act of 2007: * FD&C Blue No. 1 - Brilliant Blue FCF, E133 (Blue shade) * FD&C Blue No. 2 - Indigotine, E132 (Dark Blue shade) * FD&C Green No. 3 - Fast Green FCF, E143 (Bluish green shade) * FD&C Red No. 40 - Allura Red AC, E129 (Red shade) * FD&C Red No. 3 - Erythrosine, E127 (Pink shade) * FD&C Yellow No. 5 - Tartrazine, E102 (Yellow shade) * FD&C Yellow No. 6 - Sunset Yellow FCF, E110 (Orange shade) * Synthetic colors are of two types: * A- Primary Food Colors * B- Blended Food Colors ### A- Primary Food Colors Primary colors are those when they are mixed produce other colors. A list of primary colours is given below: | Product/Colour Shade |C.I.No.| F.D. & C.No | E.No. | |---|---|---|---| | QUINOLINE YELLOW | 47005 | - | E 104 | | (Di sodium salt of disulfonates of 2-(2quinolyl) - 1, 3 indandione. ) | | | | | TARTRAZINE | 19140 | Yellow 5 | E 102 | | ( Tri sodium salt of 5-hydroxy (1-p-sulphophenyl 4- ( p-sulphophenylazo) pyrazol -3- carboxylic acid | | | | | SUNSET YELLOW FCF | 15985 | Yellow 6 | E 110 | | (Di sodium salt of disulfonates of 2-(2quinolyl) - 1, 3 indandione. ) | | | | | ERYTHROSINE | 45430 | Red 3 | E 127 | | (Di sodium salt of disulfonates of 2-(2quinolyl) - 1, 3 indandione. ) | | | | | PONCEAU 4R | 16255 | - | E 124 | | (Di sodium salt of disulfonates of 2-(2quinolyl) - 1, 3 indandione. ) | | | | | ALLURA RED | 16035 | Red 40 | E 129 | | (Di sodium salt of disulfonates of 2-(2quinolyl) - 1, 3 indandione. ) | | | | | CARMOISINE | 14720 | - | E 122 | | (Di sodium salt of disulfonates of 2-(2quinolyl) - 1, 3 indandione. ) | | | | | AMARANTH | 16185 | Red 2 | E 123 | | (Di sodium salt of disulfonates of 2-(2quinolyl) - 1, 3 indandione. ) | | | | | CHOCOLATE BROWN HT | 20285 | - | E 155 | | (Di sodium salt of disulfonates of 2-(2quinolyl) - 1, 3 indandione. ) | | | | | BRILLIANT BLUE FCF | 42090 | Blue 1 | E 133 | | (Di sodium salt of disulfonates of 2-(2quinolyl) - 1, 3 indandione. ) | | | | | PATENT BLUE V | 42015 | - | E 131 | | (Di sodium salt of disulfonates of 2-(2quinolyl) - 1, 3 indandione. ) | | | | | INDIGO CARMINE | 73015 | Blue 2 | E 132 | | (Di sodium salt of disulfonates of 2-(2quinolyl) - 1, 3 indandione. ) | | | | | BLACK PN | 28440 | - | E 151 | | (Di sodium salt of disulfonates of 2-(2quinolyl) - 1, 3 indandione. ) | | | | | FAST RED E | 16045 | - | - | | (Di sodium salt of disulfonates of 2-(2quinolyl) - 1, 3 indandione. ) | | | | | GREEN S | 44090 | - | E 142 | | (Di sodium salt of disulfonates of 2-(2quinolyl) - 1, 3 indandione. ) | | | | | RED 2G | 18050 | - | E 128 | | (Di sodium salt of 8-actamido-1-hydroxy-2- phenylazonaphthalene-3,6 disulponate) | | | | ### B- Blended Food Colors Blended Colors are prepared from mixing of previously certified batches of primary colors. * Blends can be made available to meet specific requirements of a customer in terms of shade and strength. Widely used blends are: | | | |---|---| | EGG YELLOW | VC 10 | | YOLK YELLOW | VC 11 | | ORANGE RED | VC 12 | | STRAWBERRY RED | VC 13 | | ROSE PINK | VC 14 | | RASPBERRY RED | VC 15 | | GRAPE | VC 16 | | VIOLET | VC 17 | | COFFEE BROWN | VC 18 | | CHOCOLATE BROWN | VC 19 | | DARK CHOCOLATE | VC 20 | | LIME GREEN | VC 21 | | APPLE GREEN | VC 22 | | PEA GREEN | VC 23 | | BLACK CURRANT | VC 24 | ## Details of few synthetic colors ### TARTRAZINE Other name: Tartrazine (E number E102 or C.I. 19140) is a synthetic lemon yellow azo dye used as a food coloring FD&C Yellow 5 * It is water soluble and has a maximum absorbance in an aqueous solution * Tartrazine is a commonly used color all over the world, mainly for yellow but can also be used with Brilliant Blue FCF (FD&C Blue 1, E133) or Green S (E142) to produce various green shades. ### Applications: * Products including tartrazine commonly include confectionery, cotton candy, soft drinks (Mountain Dew), energy drinks, instant puddings, flavored corn chips, cereals (corn flakes, etc.), cake mixes, pastries, custard powder, soups ("cube" soups), sauces, some rices (like paella, risotto, etc.), powdered drink mixes, sports drinks, ice cream, ice pops, candy, chewing gum, marzipan, jam, jelly, gelatins, marmalade, mustard, yogurt, noodles such as Kraft Dinner, pickles and other pickled products, certain brands of fruit squash, fruit cordial, potato chips, Biscuits, and many convenience together with glycerin, lemon and honey products. ## SUNSET YELLOW FCF Other names: Orange Yellow S; FD&C Yellow 6; C.I. 15985; E110. * Sunset Yellow FCF (also known as Orange Yellow S, FD&C Yellow 6 or C.I. 15985) is colorant that may be added to foods to induce a color change. * It has the capacity for inducing an allergic reaction. * It is a synthetic coal tar قطران الفحم and azo yellow dye useful in fermented foods which must be heat treated. ### Uses: * It may be found in orange squash, orange jelly, marzipan, Swiss roll, apricot jam, citrus marmalade, lemon curd, sweets, hot chocolate mix and packet soups, trifle mix, bread crumbs and cheese sauce mix and soft drinks. Specifically it can be found in the capsules of Dayquil (in high concentrations), peach yogurt, fortune cookies, some red sauces, certain pound cakes, Cheetos, snack chips, and other yellow, orange, and red food products. * Sunset Yellow is often used in conjunction with E123, Amaranth, in order to produce a brown colouring in both chocolates and caramel. ### Adverse health effects : 1. Sunset Yellow is a sulfonated version of Sudan I, a possible carcinogen, which is frequently present in it as an impurity. 2. Sunset Yellow itself may be responsible for causing an allergic reaction in people with an aspirin intolerance, resulting in various symptoms including: * Gastric upset, diarrhoea, vomiting, nettle rash (urticaria) and swelling of the skin (angioedema). 3. The coloring has also been linked to hyperactivity in young children. As a result of these problems, there have been repeated calls for the total withdrawal of Sunset Yellow from food use. ## ALLURA RED AC * Other names: Allura Red, Food Red 17, C.I. 16035, FD&C Red 40, E129, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid disodium salt * Appearance: dark red powder * Red AC was originally manufactured from coal tar but is now mostly made from petroleum. * Allura Red AC is not derived from any insect, unlike the food coloring carmine which is derived from the female cochineal insect. ### Regulation * In Europe, Allura Red AC is not recommended for consumption by children. * In the United States, Allura Red AC is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in cosmetics, drugs, and food. It is used in some tattoo inks and is used in many products, such as soft drinks أحبار الوشم children's medications, and cotton candy. ## BRILLIANT BLUE FCF Other names: * FD&C Blue No. 1, Acid Blue 9,D&C Blue No. 4 Eriosky blue, Patent Blue AR, Xylene Blue VSG * Brilliant Blue FCF, also known under commercial names, is a colorant for foods and other substances to induce a color change. * It is denoted by E number E133. It has the appearance of a reddish-blue powder. * It is soluble in water, and the solution has a maximum absorption at about 628 nanometer. ### Chemistry: * It is a synthetic dye. * It can be combined with tartrazine (E102) to produce various shades of green. * It is usually a disodium salt. Calcium and potassium salts are permitted * The dye is poorly absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract and 95% of the absorbed dye can be found in the feces. It also reacts with certain bile pigments to form green feces. ### Applications * As a blue color, Brilliant Blue FCF is often found in ice cream, tinned processed peas, dairy products, sweets and drinks. It is also used in soaps, shampoos, and other hygiene and cosmetics applications. ### Health and safety * Brilliant Blue FCF has previously been banned in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Norway, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland among others but has been certified as a safe food additive in the EU and is today unbanned in most of the countries. * It has the capacity for inducing an allergic reaction in individuals with pre-existing moderate asthma. ## FAST GREENFCF Other names: * Food green 3, FD&C Green No. 3 ,Green 1724, Solid Green FCF, and C.I. 42053 * Fast Green FCF is a sea green triarylmethane food dye. * Its E number E143. * Its absorption maximum is at 625 nm. * Fast Green FCF is poorly absorbed by the intestines. Its use as a food dye is prohibited )محظورة ( in European Union and some other countries. * It can be used for tinned green peas and other vegetables, jellies, sauces, fish, desserts, and dry bakery mixes at level of up to 100 mg/kg. ### Toxicology 1. This substance has been found to have Tumorigenic effects in experimental animals, as well as Mutagenic effects in both experimental animals and humans. 2. It furthermore risks irritation of eyes, skin, digestive tract, and respiratory tract in its undiluted form. ## PONCEAU 4R Other names: * Cochineal Red A, Brilliant Scarlet 3R, Brilliant Scarlet 4R, is a synthetic colorant that may be added to foods to induce a color change. * It is denoted by E Number E124. * Its chemical name is trisodium salt of 1-(4-sulpho-1-napthylazo)- 2- napthol- 6,8-disulphonic acid. * Ponceau 4R is a red azo dye usually synthesized from coal tar which can be used in a variety of food products. ### Health effects 1. Because it is an azo dye, it may elicit intolerance in people allergic to salicylates (aspirin). 2. Additionally, it is a histamine liberator, and may intensify symptoms of asthma. 3. Ponceau 4R is considered carcinogenic in some countries, including the USA, Norway, and Finland, and it is currently listed as a banned substance by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). ## 3- Dyes and lakes * Color additives are available for use in food as either "dyes" or lake pigments (commonly known as "lakes"). * Dyes dissolve in water, but are not soluble in oil. Dyes are manufactured as powders, granules, liquids or other special purpose forms. They can be used in beverages, dry mixes, baked goods, confections, dairy products, pet foods ) الأطعمة المحبوبة( )and a variety of other products. * Dyes also have side effects which lakes do not, including the fact that large amounts of dyes ingested can color stools. * Lakes are made by combining dyes with salts to make insoluble compounds. Lakes are not oil soluble, but are oil dispersible )تشتت(. * Lakes are more stable than dyes and are ideal for coloring products containing fats and oils or items lacking sufficient moisture to dissolve dyes. * Typical uses include: coated tablets, cake and doughnut mixes, hard candies and chewing gums, lipsticks, soaps, shampoos, etc. Lake pigments find wide usage in areas like foodstuffs, pet foods, drugs and pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, plastics, plastic films, can-linings بطانات plastic food containers, inks and stationery ادوات مكتبيه | | | | |---|---|---| | LAKE QUINOLINE YELLOW | 47005:1 | E 104 | | LAKE TARTRAZINE | 19140:1 | E 102 | | LAKE SUNSET YELLOW FCF | 15985:1 | E 110 | | LAKE ERYTHROSINE | 45430:1 | E 127 | | LAKE PONCEAU 4R | 16255:1 | E 124 | | LAKE ALLURA RED | 16035:1 | E 129 | | LAKE CARMOISINE | 14720:1 | E 128 | | LAKE AMARANTH | 16185:1 | E 123 | | LAKE CHOCCOLATE BROWN HT | 20285:1 | E 155 | | LAKE BRILLIANT BLUE FCF | 42090:1 | E 133 | | LAKE INDIGO CARMINE | 73015:1 | E 132 |