Lecture 8 Health 112.pdf

Social Media and Health Lecture 8 Associate Professor Damian Scarf  Lecture Outline History and Prevalence Adolescent Perspectives Class Perspectives Case Study: Body Image  YouTube BeReal...

Social Media and Health Lecture 8 Associate Professor Damian Scarf  Lecture Outline History and Prevalence Adolescent Perspectives Class Perspectives Case Study: Body Image  YouTube BeReal 2005 2020 WWW Six Degrees MySpace Instagram TikTok 1991 1997 2003 2010 2016 1991 2020 mIRC Facebook Snapchat TikTok 1995 2004 2011 2018 Twitter 2006  Users Worldwide Facebook YouTube WhatsApp¹ Instagram TikTok WeChat Facebook Messenger Telegram Snapchat Douyin Kuaishou X/Twitter Weibo QQ Pinterest 0 1,000,000,000 2,000,000,000 3,000,000,000  Lecture Outline History and Prevalence Adolescent Perspectives Class Perspectives Case Study: Body Image Adolescent Perspectives From your personal experience, to what extent does [platform] make the following health-related factors better or worse? Rate them from -2 (a lot worse) to +2 (a lot better). 1. Awareness and understanding of other people’s health experiences 2. Access to expert health information you know you can trust 3. Emotional support (from family and friends) 4. Anxiety (feelings of worry) 5. Depression (feeling extremely low) 6. Loneliness (feelings of being all on your own) 7. Sleep (quality and amount of sleep) 8. Self-expression (your feelings, thoughts or ideas) 9. Self-identity (ability to define who you are) 10. Body image (how you feel about how you look) 11. Real-world relationships (maintaining them) 12. Community building 13. Bullying (threatening or abusive behaviours towards you) 14. FoMO (worrying things are happening without you) Awareness Access Emotional support Anxiety Depression Loneliness Sleep Self-expression Self-identity Body image Real world relationships Community building Bullying FoMO Awareness Access Emotional support Anxiety Depression Loneliness Sleep Self-expression Self-identity Body image Real world relationships Community building Bullying FoMO Awareness Access Emotional support Anxiety Depression Loneliness Sleep Self-expression Self-identity Body image Real world relationships Community building Bullying FoMO Awareness Access Emotional support Anxiety Depression Loneliness Sleep Self-expression Self-identity Body image Real world relationships Community building Bullying FoMO  Lecture Outline History and Prevalence Adolescent Perspectives Class Perspectives Case Study: Body Image  Your Perspective From your personal experience, to what extent does TikTok make the following health-related factors better or worse? Rate them from -2 (a lot worse) to +2 (a lot better). 1. Awareness and understanding of other people’s health experiences 2. Access to expert health information you know you can trust 3. Emotional support (from family and friends) 4. Anxiety (feelings of worry) 5. Depression (feeling extremely low) 6. Loneliness (feelings of being all on your own) 7. Sleep (quality and amount of sleep) 8. Self-expression (your feelings, thoughts or ideas) 9. Self-identity (ability to define who you are) 10. Body image (how you feel about how you look) 11. Real-world relationships (maintaining them) 12. Community building 13. Bullying (threatening or abusive behaviours towards you) 14. FoMO (worrying things are happening without you) Awareness Access Emotional support Anxiety Depression Loneliness Sleep Self-expression Self-identity Body image Real world relationships Community building Bullying FoMO  Lecture Outline History and Prevalence Adolescent Perspectives Class Perspectives Case Study: Body Image The way you see your body is your The way you feel about your body is perceptual body image. your affective body image. Body Image The way you think about your body is your cognitive body image. Social Media Use and Appearance Satisfaction “On a normal weekday during term time, how many hours do you spend on social networking or messaging sites or Apps on the internet such as Facebook, Twitter, and WhatsApp?” 1 = none 2 = less than half an hour 3 = half an hour to less than 1 h 4 = 1 h to less than 2 h 5 = ≥2 h “How do you feel about the way you look?” From 1 (completely happy) to 7 (not happy at all).  Social Media Use and Appearance Satisfaction 10 11 12 13 14 15 Appearance Satisfaction Mean 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 Female 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 Male 6.5 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 12345 12345 12345 12345 12345 12345 Time Spent Online Appearance Pressure Tripartite Influence Model Appearance Pressure Peers Internalization Appearance Body Pressure Family Esteem Comparisons Appearance Pressure Media Influence of Social Media Thin Internalization Appearance Body Pressure on Esteem Social Media Appearance Comparisons  Appearance Pressure Rate your level of agreement with each statement using the following scale: 1 (definitely disagree) to 5 (definitely agree). Peers e.g., “I feel pressure from my peers to look in better shape.” Family e.g., “I feel pressure from family members to look thinner.” Traditional Media e.g., “I feel pressure from the media to decrease my level of body fat.” Social Media e.g., “I feel pressure from social media to decrease my level of body fat.”  Appearance Pressure 3.0 2.5 2.0 Mean 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 Family Peer Traditional Media Social Media Internalization and Comparison Rate your level of agreement with each statement using the following scale: 1 (definitely disagree) to 5 (definitely agree). Thin Idealization e.g., “I think a lot about looking thin.” “I want my body to look very thin.” Body Comparison e.g., “I pay attention to whether or not I am as thin as, or thinner, than my peers.” “In social situations, I think about how my figure “matches up” to the figures of those around me.” “When I see a peer who is wearing revealing clothing, I have thoughts of how my own body compares.”  Internalization and Comparison Body Comparison Thin-Ideal Internalization 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 Mean Influence of Social Media Thin + Internalization - Appearance Body Pressure on Esteem Social Media + Appearance Comparisons - Selfie Practices  Selfie Practices Browsing (1 (not at all) to 6 (every 10 min or less)) e.g., “On a typical day, how often do you check Instagram, even if you are logged on all day?” “On a typical day, how often do you browse the Instagram posts of peers you follow?” Posting e.g., “How many selfies do you post on Instagram in a typical week?” Editing (1 (never) to 5 (always)) e.g., “Before posting a selfie on Instagram, how frequently do you use photo-editing apps to modify your facial features or body shapes?” “How frequently do you take multiple pictures of yourself in order to post the best shot on Instagram?”  Selfie Practices Editing Posting Browsing 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 Mean  Selfie Practices Browsing + Appearance - Body Posting Comparisons Esteem + Editing Body Positivity  Body Positivity Thin Ideal Body Positivity Control Group Group Group  Body Positivity Participants moved a vertical marker along a horizontal line (‘not at all (0)’ to ‘very much (100)’) regarding how they felt about the following statements. State Body Satisfaction e.g., “Satisfied with my weight” “Satisfied with my overall appearance” “Satisfied with my body shape” State Body Appreciation e.g., “At this moment, I feel good about my body” “At this moment, I feel love for my body” “Right now, I am comfortable in my body”  Body Positivity 60 65 60 55 Body Appreciation Mean Body Satisfaction Mean 55 50 50 45 45 40 Thin Ideal 40 Body Positive Control 35 35 Before After Before After Body Functionality Body Functionality  Body Functionality Functionality Writing Task: Required participants to reflect upon the positive ways in which their body functions and how this contributes to their well-being. Prompts were provided to showcase the wide variety of things that one’s body can do, with a focus on physical functionality. Examples included dancing, playing with kids, or physical components like flexibility. Rumination Writing Task: Required participants to reflect upon the previously viewed idealized images. Participants were prompted to consider the ideal shape and appearance of the thin and attractive women, describing and reflecting how they may be used within social media. Prompts included the appearance, clothing, and potential personality of the models featured within the images (body shape, greenery, friendly, wearing a bikini).  Body Functionality 55 54 53 52 Body Appreciation 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 Baseline Post-image Post-task  Lecture Outline History and Prevalence Adolescent Perspectives Class Perspectives Case Study: Body Image