Lecture 7: Summarizing and Paraphrasing

Lecture 7 Summarizing and Paraphrasing ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior  The Basics of...

Lecture 7 Summarizing and Paraphrasing ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior  The Basics of Summarizing. A Summary… May be on a book, article, or visual medium such as a TV show or movie. May consist of a single word, phrase, several sentences, or one or more paragraphs. May be of varying length, dependent upon Instructor expectation and length of the source to be summarized. May stand alone or be incorporated into a larger text. ©McGraw-Hill Education  Plagiarism Unknowingly using the writing of another without Accident attributing. al Copying and pasting whole sections from an original text without using quotation Purposef marks or attributing the ul source. ©McGraw-Hill Education  Steps to Avoid Plagiarism Conduct a Use personal electronic review for sources words and such as phrases that Turnitin to may be assess for Always borrowed any cite your from the accidental sources. original text. plagiarism. Use Conduct a quotation personal marks review to when examine directly sentence quoting structure from a against the source. original text. ©McGraw-Hill Education  How to Write an Effective Summary Once you feel you understand the source to be summarized well, preview the source for the following elements: Title Subtitle First and last paragraphs Headings and subheadings Pictures, charts, or diagrams Italicized or boldfaced type Read the source to be summarized with the preview elements in mind. Do not slow down or turn back. Read the source straight through. ©McGraw-Hill Education  How to Write an Effective Summary Read the source again. This time focus on the source’s more important aspects. Take notes on the material. Focus on getting down the main ideas and the key supporting points. ©McGraw-Hill Education  How to Write an Effective Summary As you prepare a draft of your summary, keep these steps in mind: Clearly identify the title and author of the work. The source’s thesis in your own words and in the topic sentence. Be detailed, but not overly so. Ideas and supporting points should be in your own words. Omit your own ideas or opinions. Once it has been introduced, refer to the author by last name only. Use signal words (for example argues, illustrates, asserts, observes, writes, reports) to remind readers that the ideas you are sharing come directly from the source. Directly quote only to illustrate key points. Preserve the balance and proportion of ideas from the original work. ©McGraw-Hill Education  How to Write a Good Summary There are three keys to writing a good summary: 1. Use your own words and your own sentence structure. 2. Remember that a summary is much shorter than a paraphrase. Include only the main points and main supporting themes, leaving out most details. 3. Do not change the meaning of the original. ©McGraw-Hill Education  Paraphrasing. A Paraphrase… Report the information in your own words and style without condensing it. Should be used when the original information is important but can write it more clearly in your own words. Usually mirrors the original work in its length. Differs from a summary in that it is only used within a larger essay. ©McGraw-Hill Education  How to Write an Effective Paraphrase A paraphrase may be created by following these steps: Just as with a summary, preview the source. Read the source straight through for understanding. Reread content that you have identified as important. Set the article aside and write down what you have just read. Compare your version with the original source. Mark any words or phrases that are directly from the original source. Revise any sentences that are structured closely to the original source. Even though you are paraphrasing, properly ©McGraw-Hill Education  How to Write a Good Paraphrase There are three keys to writing a good paraphrase: 1. Use your own words and your own sentence structure. 2. Make your paraphrase approximately the same length as the original. 3. Do not change the meaning of the original. ©McGraw-Hill Education  Illustration: Original vs. Paraphrasing Language is the main means of Humans communicate through communication between people. But so language. Because there are so many different languages have developed many different languages, however, that language has often been a barrier rather people around the world have a than an aid to understanding among people. difficult time understanding one For many years, people have dreamed of another. Some people have wished setting up an international universal for a universal international language which all people could speak and language that speakers all over the understand. The arguments in favor of a world could understand. Their universal language are simple and obvious. If reasons are straightforward and all people spoke the same tongue, cultural clear. A universal language would and economic ties might be much closer, and build cultural and economic bonds. good will might increase between countries It would also create better feelings (Kipert). among countries (Kispert)..  Illustration: Original vs. Paraphrasing Language is the main means of Unacceptable Paraphrase 1 communication between people. But so many different languages have Humans communicate through developed that language has often language. However, because there been a barrier rather than an aid to are so many languages in the world, understanding among people. For language acts as an obstacle many years, people have dreamed of instead of as an aid to setting up an international universal understanding. People have long language which all people could speak and understand. The arguments in wished for a universal international favor of a universal language are simple language that speakers all over the and obvious. If all people spoke the world could understand. A universal same tongue, cultural and economic language would certainly build ties might be much closer, and good cultural and economic bonds. It will might increase between countries would also create better feelings (Kipert). among countries.  Illustration: Original vs. Paraphrasing Language is the main means of Unacceptable Paraphrase 2 communication between people. But so many different languages have Language is the principal means of developed that language has often communication between peoples. been a barrier rather than an aid to understanding among people. For However, because there are numerous many years, people have dreamed of languages, language itself has frequently setting up an international universal been a barrier rather than an aid to language which all people could speak understanding among the world and understand. The arguments in favor of a universal language are simple population. For many years, people have and obvious. If all people spoke the envisioned a common universal language same tongue, cultural and economic that everyone in the world could ties might be much closer, and good communicate in. The reason for having a will might increase between countries (Kipert). universal language are clearly understandable. If the same tongue were spoken by all countries, they would undoubtedly become closer culturally and economically. It would probably also create good will among nations (Kispert). Paraphrase (63 words) Humans communicate through language. Because there are so many different languages, however Original passage (85 words) people around the world have a difficult time understanding one another. Some people have wished for a universal international language Language is the main means of that speakers all over the world could understand. Their reasons are communication between people. But so straightforward and clear. A universal many different languages have language would build cultural and developed that language has often economic bonds. It would also create better feelings among countries been a barrier rather than an aid to (Kispert). understanding among people. For many years, people have dreamed of setting up an international universal language Summary (28 words) which all people could speak and understand. The arguments in favor of People communicate through a universal language are simple and language; however, having obvious. If all people spoke the same different languages creates tongue, cultural and economic ties communication barriers. A might be much closer, and good will universal language could bring might increase between countries countries together culturally (Kispert). and economically as well as increase good feelings among them (Kispert)  Direct Quotations. Short Quotations Whether long or short, a direct quotation must be written exactly as it appears in the original work. For shorter passages, quotation marks are used. ©McGraw-Hill Education  A Short Quotation Example The author states, “Success in college depends on time control” (paragraph 5). ©McGraw-Hill Education  Long Quotations For longer complete passages, typically defined as four lines or more, the material is indented as a block of text and no quotation marks are used. ©McGraw-Hill Education  A Long, or Blocked, Quote In the Example: essay, “Power Learning,” several strategies for successful studying are presented. In the section about note-taking, good attendance is stressed as the most important key to success: First, attend class faithfully. Your alternatives – reading the text, reading someone else’s notes, or both – cannot substitute for the class experience of hearing ideas in person as someone presents them to you. Also, in class lectures and discussions, your instructor typically presents and develops the main ideas and facts of the course – the ones you will be expected to know on exams. (paragraph 10) ©McGraw-Hill Education  A Direct Quotation with Ellipsis Points A longer quotation that includes information unrelated to your topic may omit the irrelevant words as long as the overall meaning is unchanged. To show such an omission, use three spaced periods, known as ellipsis points, in place of the deleted words. ©McGraw-Hill Education  A Direct Quotation with Ellipsis Points Example The author offers three clear steps to good time control, “First, you should prepare a large monthly calendar... circle important dates on this calendar. Circle the days on which tests are scheduled; circle the days when papers are due” (paragraph 6). ©McGraw-Hill Education  Direct Quotations and Plagiarism The key factor To avoid the As each is to copy the If quotation charge of example exact words marks or and plagiarism, above punctuation block pay close reflects, and then indents are and careful direct enclose the forgotten, attention quotations text in plagiarism when using must be quotation can occur. another cited. marks (or set author’s it off as a words. block indent, if longer). ©McGraw-Hill Education