lecture 6 studyguide - soical behavior.pdf

1 Raccoons are known for constantly feeling around and touching objects with their forepaws, which are equipped with highly developed nerves and opposable thumbs. This tactile exploration helps them identify items, almost like having a second set of eyes. When wet, their forepaws become even more se...

1 Raccoons are known for constantly feeling around and touching objects with their forepaws, which are equipped with highly developed nerves and opposable thumbs. This tactile exploration helps them identify items, almost like having a second set of eyes. When wet, their forepaws become even more sensitive, aiding in better object identification, particularly food. This behavior is essential for their survival and adaptation to their environment. 2 3 Raccoons are known for constantly feeling around and touching objects with their forepaws, which are equipped with highly developed nerves and opposable thumbs. This tactile exploration helps them identify items, almost like having a second set of eyes. When wet, their forepaws become even more sensitive, aiding in better object identification, particularly food. This behavior is essential for their survival and adaptation to their environment. 4 European moles use tiny hairs on their noses to detect vibrations in the ground, enhancing their ability to navigate and forage. This sensory adaptation compensates for their relatively poor sense of smell. In rodents, the barrel cortex, a region of the brain, corresponds to each vibrissa (whisker), allowing them to process tactile information effectively. 5 Elephants resting their trunks may be detecting ground vibrations from other elephants nearby, serving as a form of communication or environmental awareness. These vibrations can also be detected through the elephant's large, padded feet, contributing to their sensory perception and social interactions. 6 Social grooming and physical contact play crucial roles in communication among various animal species. These behaviors promote bonding, hygiene, and security within social groups. For example, California sea otters engage in grooming behaviors as a form of social interaction and maintenance of their fur. 7 Thermoreceptors are specialized sensory receptors that detect changes in temperature. They play a vital role in thermoregulation, the process by which animals maintain a stable internal body temperature. Sensory pathways engaged with external temperature changes help animals respond appropriately to their environment. 8 Warm-blooded animals regulate their body temperature internally, while coldblooded animals adjust their body temperature based on external conditions. Thermosensors located in various body parts, such as the skin and beak, enable birds to maintain a stable body temperature despite environmental fluctuations. 9 10 Warm-blooded animals regulate their body temperature internally, while coldblooded animals adjust their body temperature based on external conditions. Thermosensors located in various body parts, such as the skin and beak, enable birds to maintain a stable body temperature despite environmental fluctuations. 11 12 13 How do animals deal with cold feet? Animals use countercurrent heat exchange mechanisms to prevent heat loss from their extremities in cold environments. This physiological adaptation helps maintain body temperature and conserves energy during exposure to cold conditions. 14 15 Animals have diverse dietary preferences and methods of food acquisition, influenced by their physiological adaptations and ecological niches. Trunks, tongues, teeth, and beaks are among the specialized structures animals use to acquire and process food. Animals, such as blue jays, can differentiate between safe and toxic food through taste aversion learning. This form of associative learning helps animals avoid consuming potentially harmful substances by associating taste with negative experiences, such as illness. 16 EVOLUTIONARY IMPORTANCE OF BITTER TASTE Bitter taste receptors in animals have evolved as a protective mechanism against ingesting toxic substances commonly found in plants. By detecting bitterness, animals can avoid consuming potentially harmful plants and maintain their health. 17 ANIMAL TASTE-AVERSION LEARNING Taste aversion learning is a widespread phenomenon across the animal kingdom, from insects to mammals. This form of learning allows animals to associate the taste and smell of a noxious substance with its adverse effects, helping them avoid consuming harmful substances in the future. 18 TASTE Scavengers play a vital role in ecosystems by consuming decaying organic matter. However, scavengers can also pose risks to humans and themselves if they consume contaminated or toxic food sources. Understanding their dietary habits and behaviors is essential for managing potential conflicts with humans and protecting animal populations. 19 20 21 22 Animals evaluate external stimuli and integrate them with internal physiological information to guide adaptive behavior. Social behavior, in particular, involves evaluating and responding to the social environment with adaptive decisions. The diversity of social behavior in vertebrates can be partially explained by variations in conserved neural and gene expression networks. Two neural circuits crucial for social behavior include the social behavior network and the mesolimbic reward system. 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 OXYTOCIN Oxytocin, a hormone involved in social bonding, plays a pivotal role in mother-infant bonding. Its actions in the neural system facilitate the formation and maintenance of social bonds, particularly between mothers and their offspring. 31 32 Dopamine, a neurotransmitter associated with reward processing, influences social behavior by modulating the brain's response to social stimuli. Dysregulation of dopamine signaling has been implicated in various psychiatric disorders affecting social behavior. 33 BEHAVIORAL NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY Behavioral neuroendocrinology investigates the complex interactions between hormones and behavior. Its historical roots trace back to pioneering experiments, such as those by Arnold Adolph Berthold, who demonstrated the role of hormones in animal behavior through castration experiments. 34 35 36 37 RINCIPAL ACTIONS OF HORMONES Hormones exert diverse effects on behavior, including modulation of developmental processes, tissue growth, metabolism, and behavior. These effects are often mediated through feedback regulation of hormone secretion involving the hypothalamus-pituitary gland axis. 38 Hormones can influence behavior by causing changes in peripheral organs. For example, prolactin induces enlargement of the crop during incubation in birds, facilitating parental feeding behaviors. 39 Hormonal changes, particularly involving prolactin, induce physiological adaptations such as enlargement of the crop during incubation and development of brood patches in birds. These adaptations are essential for parental care and reproductive success. 40 he Bruce effect refers to the tendency of female rodents to terminate pregnancies upon encountering unfamiliar males. This phenomenon is thought to be an adaptive strategy to prevent infanticide and increase reproductive fitness. 41 42 43 Various pheromone-mediated effects, such as the Lee-Boot effect, Whitten effect, and Vandenburg effect, influence reproductive physiology and behavior in rodents. These effects demonstrate the importance of chemical communication in social interactions among rodents. 44 45 46 47 The Sense of Touch in Animals Animals rely on their sense of touch to navigate their environment, locate food, and interact with conspecifics. This sensory modality is crucial for survival and plays a role in various behaviors, including grooming, exploration, and communication. Thermoregulation in Animals Thermoregulation is the process by which animals maintain a stable internal body temperature. Different species have evolved various mechanisms to regulate their body temperature, such as behavioral adaptations (e.g., seeking shade or sunlight) and physiological mechanisms (e.g., sweating or shivering). Taste in Animals Taste perception allows animals to differentiate between safe and toxic food sources. This sensory modality influences feeding behavior and dietary preferences. Animals have specialized taste receptors that detect different taste qualities, such as sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami. Brain and Social Behavior in Animals: Neural Circuits and Molecules Involved The brain plays a central role in regulating social behavior in animals. Neural circuits involved in social behavior include the social behavior network and the mesolimbic reward system. Molecules such as hormones (e.g., oxytocin, vasopressin, dopamine) and neurotransmitters modulate social behavior by acting on these neural circuits. 48 Behavioral Endocrinology: Berthold’s Experiment Behavioral endocrinology examines the relationship between hormones and behavior. Berthold's experiment, conducted in the 19th century, demonstrated the role of hormones in regulating behavior. By castrating roosters and observing changes in their behavior, Berthold showed that testicular hormones influence sexual behavior in birds. Hormones and Behavior: How They Can Affect Animal Behavior and Relevant Examples Hormones can influence animal behavior in various ways. For example, testosterone is associated with aggression and territorial behavior in male animals, while estrogen and progesterone regulate reproductive behavior in females. Prolactin plays a role in parental care and bonding behavior. The Bruce Effect, the Lee-Boot Effect, the Whitten Effect, and the Vandenburg Effect These effects are examples of how chemical signals, such as pheromones, can influence reproductive physiology and behavior in animals. The Bruce effect refers to the termination of pregnancy in female rodents upon encountering unfamiliar males. The Lee-Boot effect and Whitten effect involve changes in the estrous cycle of female mice in response to social cues, while the Vandenburg effect accelerates puberty in female rats in the presence of unrelated adult males. These effects demonstrate the importance of chemical communication in regulating reproductive behavior in animals. 48