Lecture 4: Methods and Techniques of Investigating Human Interaction With The Built Environment PDF

14/10/2024 Built Environment and Human Behavior Fall-2024 Year.4 Lecture.4 Methods and Techniques of Investigating Human Interaction With The Built Environment Assistant Professor Dr. Dalia M. Al-Khateeb...

14/10/2024 Built Environment and Human Behavior Fall-2024 Year.4 Lecture.4 Methods and Techniques of Investigating Human Interaction With The Built Environment Assistant Professor Dr. Dalia M. Al-Khateeb LECTURE.4 Techniques Of Investigating Human Interaction With The Built Environment INTRODUCTION HOW TO INVESTIGATE THE HUMAN INTERACTION WITH THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT? METHODOLOGY AND METHODS OBSERVATION: INVESTIGATION INVESTIGATION OBSERVING PHYSICAL TECHNIQUES PROCESS TRACES OBSERVING: ENVIRONMENTAL METHODS (Tools) METHODOLOGY (Steps) BEHAVIOUR OBSERVATION GENERAL CATEGORY FOCUSED INTERVIEWS Observing Physical Traces Quantitative STANDARDIZED QUESTIONNAIRES Observing Environmental Qualitative Behaviour Mixed Methods SAMPLING TECHNIQUE INTERVIEWS NATURE OF THE STUDY WHAT DID WE LEARN? Focused Interviews PURPOSE OF THE STUDY WHAT IS REQUIRED NEXT CLASS? Semi-Structured Interviews RESEARCH DESIGN Lecturer. Dr. Eng. Arch. QUESTIONAIRE DATA TYPE Dalia M. Al-Khateeb 1  14/10/2024 LECTURE.4 Techniques Of Investigating Human Interaction With The Built Environment INTRODUCTION WHAT IS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY? METHODOLOGY AND METHODS Definition: OBSERVATION: OBSERVING PHYSICAL TRACES IT IS THE WAY SOMETHING IS DONE. OBSERVING: Detailed Types: ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOUR FOCUSED INTERVIEWS STANDARDIZED QUESTIONNAIRES SAMPLING TECHNIQUE WHAT DID WE LEARN? WHAT IS REQUIRED NEXT CLASS? Lecturer. Dr. Eng. Arch. Dalia M. Al-Khateeb LECTURE.4 Techniques Of Investigating Human Interaction With The Built Environment INTRODUCTION WHAT IS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY? METHODOLOGY AND METHODS Methodology is: OBSERVATION: OBSERVING PHYSICAL A Statement + A Chart TRACES OBSERVING: ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOUR An Exploratory Research that Adopts Both Quantitative (numerical) and Qualitative data through Comparative Case FOCUSED INTERVIEWS Study Analysis by implementing Methods. STANDARDIZED Definitions: QUESTIONNAIRES EXPLORATORY RESEARCH: SAMPLING TECHNIQUE Explanatory research that tends to answer ‘why’ or ‘how’ questions WHAT DID WE LEARN? for a phenomena that have not been studies in depth. WHAT IS REQUIRED CONCLUSIVE RESEARCH: NEXT CLASS? Provide information that is useful in conclusions or decision-making Lecturer. such as: descriptive or causal research. Dr. Eng. Arch. Dalia M. Al-Khateeb 2  14/10/2024 LECTURE.4 Techniques Of Investigating Human Interaction With The Built Environment INTRODUCTION WHAT IS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY? METHODOLOGY AND METHODS OBSERVATION:  PRIMARY: OBSERVING PHYSICAL Any type of research that you collect yourself such as surveys, TRACES OBSERVING: interviews, observations, and ethnographic research. ENVIRONMENTAL  SECONDARY: BEHAVIOUR Uses data that is gathered from published peer-reviewed papers, meta- FOCUSED INTERVIEWS analysis, or governmental statistics. STANDARDIZED QUESTIONNAIRES  APPLIED: SAMPLING TECHNIQUE A type of examination looking to find practical solutions for existing problems that include daily challenges in workplace, education, and WHAT DID WE LEARN? society and it uses empirical methodologies.  FUNDAMENTAL: WHAT IS REQUIRED NEXT CLASS? Experimental or Theoretical works performed to obtain knowledge on Lecturer. the basics of observable phenomena without resulting in any Dr. Eng. Arch. application or use. Dalia M. Al-Khateeb LECTURE.4 Techniques Of Investigating Human Interaction With The Built Environment INTRODUCTION WHAT IS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY? METHODOLOGY AND METHODS OBSERVATION:  DESCRIPTIVE: OBSERVING PHYSICAL TRACES Accurately and systematically describe a population, situation or OBSERVING: phenomenon. It answers what, where, when and how questions but ENVIRONMENTAL not why. BEHAVIOUR  ANALYTICAL: FOCUSED INTERVIEWS Involves critical thinking and the evaluation of facts and information such as statistical checks to answer why and how. STANDARDIZED QUESTIONNAIRES SAMPLING TECHNIQUE o QUANTITATIVE: Involves numerical data such as collecting data from surveys and WHAT DID WE LEARN? questionnaires to identify trends, patterns, and correlations such as experimental research. WHAT IS REQUIRED NEXT CLASS? o QUALITATIVE: Lecturer. A type of research that aims to analyze non-numerical data in order to Dr. Eng. Arch. gain a better understanding about attitudes, beliefs, perception, ….etc. Dalia M. Al-Khateeb 3  14/10/2024 LECTURE.4 Techniques Of Investigating Human Interaction With The Built Environment INTRODUCTION HOW TO WRITE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY? METHODOLOGY AND METHODS QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE MIXED METHODS OBSERVATION: OBSERVING PHYSICAL TRACES A way to learn about a Studying things in their Combines elements of OBSERVING: sample population natural settings, quantitative research ENVIRONMENTAL using scientific attempting to interpret, and qualitative BEHAVIOUR inquiry, it relies on phenomena in terms of research. FOCUSED INTERVIEWS numerical data that are the meanings people observed or measured. bring to them. STANDARDIZED QUESTIONNAIRES WHAT TO INCLUDE IN METHODOLOGY PARAGRAPH? SAMPLING TECHNIQUE The type of research you conducted? WHAT DID WE LEARN? How you collected and analyzed your data (Methods)? WHAT IS REQUIRED NEXT CLASS? Any tools or materials you used in the research? Lecturer. Dr. Eng. Arch. Why you chose these methods? Dalia M. Al-Khateeb LECTURE.4 Techniques Of Investigating Human Interaction With The Built Environment INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY AND METHODS OBSERVATION: OBSERVING PHYSICAL TRACES OBSERVING: ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOUR FOCUSED INTERVIEWS STANDARDIZED QUESTIONNAIRES SAMPLING TECHNIQUE WHAT DID WE LEARN? WHAT IS REQUIRED NEXT CLASS? Lecturer. Dr. Eng. Arch. Dalia M. Al-Khateeb 4  14/10/2024 LECTURE.4 Techniques Of Investigating Human Interaction With The Built Environment INTRODUCTION TYPES OF RESEARCH METHODS METHODOLOGY AND METHODS OBSERVATION: OBSERVING PHYSICAL TRACES OBSERVING: ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOUR FOCUSED INTERVIEWS STANDARDIZED QUESTIONNAIRES SAMPLING TECHNIQUE WHAT DID WE LEARN? WHAT IS REQUIRED NEXT CLASS? Lecturer. Dr. Eng. Arch. Dalia M. Al-Khateeb LECTURE.4 Techniques Of Investigating Human Interaction With The Built Environment INTRODUCTION QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS METHODOLOGY AND METHODS OBSERVATION: OBSERVING PHYSICAL TRACES OBSERVING: ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOUR FOCUSED INTERVIEWS STANDARDIZED QUESTIONNAIRES SAMPLING TECHNIQUE WHAT DID WE LEARN? WHAT IS REQUIRED NEXT CLASS? Lecturer. Dr. Eng. Arch. Dalia M. Al-Khateeb 5  14/10/2024 LECTURE.4 Techniques Of Investigating Human Interaction With The Built Environment INTRODUCTION QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS METHODOLOGY AND METHODS OBSERVATION: OBSERVING PHYSICAL TRACES OBSERVING: ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOUR FOCUSED INTERVIEWS STANDARDIZED QUESTIONNAIRES SAMPLING TECHNIQUE WHAT DID WE LEARN? WHAT IS REQUIRED NEXT CLASS? Lecturer. Dr. Eng. Arch. Dalia M. Al-Khateeb LECTURE.4 Techniques Of Investigating Human Interaction With The Built Environment INTRODUCTION WHAT IS ‘OBSERVING PHYSICAL TRACES’ METHOD? METHODOLOGY AND METHODS Systematically looking at physical OBSERVING PHYSICAL surroundings to find reflections of TRACES previous activities in order to be OBSERVING measured by researchers. ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOUR A research method in human FOCUSED INTERVIEWS behaviour that aims to find out traces that can be a reference for STANDARDIZED improvement in design. QUESTIONNAIRES SAMPLING TECHNIQUE Also be used as an analysis in the design of an environment and assess WHAT DID WE LEARN? whether the environment is functioning effectively. WHAT IS REQUIRED NEXT CLASS? Lecturer. Evidence that remains from the use Dr. Eng. Arch. or non-use of an item. Dalia M. Al-Khateeb 6  14/10/2024 LECTURE.4 Techniques Of Investigating Human Interaction With The Built Environment INTRODUCTION WHAT IS ‘OBSERVING PHYSICAL TRACES’ METHOD? METHODOLOGY AND METHODS QUALITIES OF THE METHOD WHAT TO LOOK FOR? OBSERVING PHYSICAL TRACES IMAGE-ABLE CONTEXT OBSERVING UN-OBTRUSIVE BY PRODUCT OF USE: ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOUR DURABLE EROSIONS FOCUSED INTERVIEWS EASY LEFTOVERS STANDARDIZED QUESTIONNAIRES RECORDING DEVICES MISSING TRACES SAMPLING TECHNIQUE ANNOTATED DIAGRAM ADAPTATION FOR USE: WHAT DID WE LEARN? DRAWINGS PROPS WHAT IS REQUIRED NEXT CLASS? PHOTOGRAPHS SEPERATIONS Lecturer. Dr. Eng. Arch. COUNTING CONNECTIONS Dalia M. Al-Khateeb LECTURE.4 Techniques Of Investigating Human Interaction With The Built Environment INTRODUCTION WHAT IS ‘OBSERVING PHYSICAL TRACES’ METHOD? METHODOLOGY AND METHODS WHAT TO LOOK FOR? OBSERVING PHYSICAL TRACES OBSERVING DISPLAYS OF SELF ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOUR PERSONALIZATION FOCUSED INTERVIEWS IDENTIFICATION STANDARDIZED QUESTIONNAIRES GROUP MEMBERSHIP SAMPLING TECHNIQUE PUBLIC MESSAGES WHAT DID WE LEARN? OFFICIAL WHAT IS REQUIRED NEXT CLASS? UN-OFFICIAL Lecturer. Dr. Eng. Arch. ILLEGITIMATE Dalia M. Al-Khateeb 7  14/10/2024 LECTURE.4 Techniques Of Investigating Human Interaction With The Built Environment INTRODUCTION WHAT IS ‘ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOUR’ OBSERVATION? METHODOLOGY AND METHODS An observation method with a descriptive nature that helps to better OBSERVING PHYSICAL understand the context, players, activities, and types of interaction either to TRACES gain better insight or to identify intervention points. OBSERVING ENVIRONMENTAL WHAT TO OBSERVE? RECORDING DEVICES BEHAVIOUR FOCUSED INTERVIEWS Who (Actors) Notations STANDARDIZED Doing What (Act) Pre-recorded Checklist QUESTIONNAIRES With Whom (Others) Maps SAMPLING TECHNIQUE When (Time) Photographs WHAT DID WE LEARN? Relationship Videos and Movies WHAT IS REQUIRED NEXT CLASS? Context (Where) Lecturer. Dr. Eng. Arch. Setting (Arrangement) Dalia M. Al-Khateeb LECTURE.4 Techniques Of Investigating Human Interaction With The Built Environment INTRODUCTION WHAT IS ‘ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOUR’ OBSERVATION? METHODOLOGY AND METHODS Activities Description & Questions Shapes and Indications OBSERVING PHYSICAL TRACES OBSERVING ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOUR FOCUSED INTERVIEWS STANDARDIZED Degrees of Setting Size QUESTIONNAIRES SAMPLING TECHNIQUE WHAT DID WE LEARN? WHAT IS REQUIRED NEXT CLASS? Lecturer. Dr. Eng. Arch. Dalia M. Al-Khateeb 8  14/10/2024 LECTURE.4 Techniques Of Investigating Human Interaction With The Built Environment INTRODUCTION WHAT IS ‘BEHAVIOURAL MAPS’ OBSERVATION? METHODOLOGY AND METHODS OBSERVING PHYSICAL TRACES OBSERVING ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOUR FOCUSED INTERVIEWS STANDARDIZED QUESTIONNAIRES SAMPLING TECHNIQUE WHAT DID WE LEARN? WHAT IS REQUIRED NEXT CLASS? Lecturer. Dr. Eng. Arch. Dalia M. Al-Khateeb LECTURE.4 Techniques Of Investigating Human Interaction With The Built Environment INTRODUCTION WHAT IS ‘BEHAVIOURAL MAPS’ OBSERVATION? METHODOLOGY AND METHODS OBSERVING PHYSICAL TRACES OBSERVING ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOUR FOCUSED INTERVIEWS STANDARDIZED QUESTIONNAIRES SAMPLING TECHNIQUE WHAT DID WE LEARN? WHAT IS REQUIRED NEXT CLASS? Activities\ Number Actor Actors Actors Timing Activity Where Notes and Behaviors (Count) Types Gender Age (Day\Night) Duration Pictures Lecturer. Group Dr. Eng. Arch. Skating 4 Visitor Male 12-14 4.00am 3 hrs. Ramps Safety Hazards Dalia M. Al-Khateeb 9  14/10/2024 LECTURE.4 Techniques Of Investigating Human Interaction With The Built Environment INTRODUCTION WHAT IS ‘INTERVIEWS’ METHOD? METHODOLOGY AND METHODS Types Of Interviews OBSERVING PHYSICAL TRACES OBSERVING ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOUR FOCUSED INTERVIEWS STANDARDIZED QUESTIONNAIRES SAMPLING TECHNIQUE A research technique used to collect data through interviews WHAT DID WE LEARN? and group interaction. WHAT IS REQUIRED It is a small number of carefully selected people who discuss a NEXT CLASS? given topic. Lecturer. Used to identify and explore how people think and behave, Dr. Eng. Arch. Dalia M. Al-Khateeb and they throw light on why, what and how questions. LECTURE.4 Techniques Of Investigating Human Interaction With The Built Environment INTRODUCTION WHAT ARE THE STEPS FOR ‘FOCUSED INTERVIEWS’? METHODOLOGY AND METHODS SAMPLE BEFORE INTERVIEWING OBSERVING PHYSICAL TRACES From (25-30) individuals. 1. Identify your focused group OBSERVING Interviewed in groups of (5). characteristics and demographic ENVIRONMENTAL data (Gender, Age, Occupation, BEHAVIOUR Educational Level,…etc). DURING INTERVIEW FOCUSED INTERVIEWS 2. Prepare your questions (Open- 1. Give introduction to the focus Ended) that are categorized to STANDARDIZED group before starting. groups according to topic of QUESTIONNAIRES 2. Be clear about if you want the discussion. SAMPLING TECHNIQUE questions to be answered 3. Your questions should answer individually or to engage in a What, Why, and How?. WHAT DID WE LEARN? group discussion. 4. Leave a space for your own WHAT IS REQUIRED 3. Always record your interview. notes, impressions, and NEXT CLASS? 4. Write your observations about observations during the Lecturer. the group answers and their interview. Dr. Eng. Arch. impressions. 5. Estimate interview time. Dalia M. Al-Khateeb 10  14/10/2024 LECTURE.4 Techniques Of Investigating Human Interaction With The Built Environment INTRODUCTION WHAT IS ‘STANDARDIZED QUESTIONNAIRES’ METHOD? METHODOLOGY AND METHODS SAMPLE SIZE OBSERVING PHYSICAL Online Sample Size Calculator TRACES Lay-People (30-100 individuals) OBSERVING Experts (8-10 Experts) ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOUR TYPES OF QUESTIONS FOCUSED INTERVIEWS Open-Ended Questions. STANDARDIZED How, what, when, where, why QUESTIONNAIRES Opinion Perception SAMPLING TECHNIQUE Close-Ended Questions. WHAT DID WE LEARN? Likert Scale (0-5) Yes-No WHAT IS REQUIRED Ranking NEXT CLASS? Multiple Choice Lecturer. Check List Dr. Eng. Arch. Dalia M. Al-Khateeb Mix of both categories. LECTURE.4 Techniques Of Investigating Human Interaction With The Built Environment INTRODUCTION WHAT IS ‘STANDARDIZED QUESTIONNAIRES’ METHOD? METHODOLOGY AND METHODS VISUAL ASSISTANCE OBSERVING PHYSICAL Maps TRACES Drawings OBSERVING Photographs ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOUR STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE FOCUSED INTERVIEWS STEP 1: STANDARDIZED Define your goals and objectives. QUESTIONNAIRES STEP 2: SAMPLING TECHNIQUE Use questions that are suitable for your sample. WHAT DID WE LEARN? STEP 3: WHAT IS REQUIRED Decide on your questionnaire length NEXT CLASS? and question order. Lecturer. Dr. Eng. Arch. STEP 4: Dalia M. Al-Khateeb Pre-test your questionnaire. 11  14/10/2024 LECTURE.4 Techniques Of Investigating Human Interaction With The Built Environment INTRODUCTION WHAT IS ‘THE SAMPLING TECHNIQUE’ METHOD? METHODOLOGY AND METHODS OBSERVING PHYSICAL TRACES TYPES OF SAMPLING OBSERVING ENVIRONMENTAL Voluntary response sampling BEHAVIOUR for example, sending an email to a campus mailing list and FOCUSED INTERVIEWS sourcing participants from responses. STANDARDIZED Stratified sampling QUESTIONNAIRES of a particular characteristic trait of interest to your research, SAMPLING such as age, race, ethnicity, or gender identity. WHAT DID WE LEARN? Convenience sampling of those around you, such as other students at your university WHAT IS REQUIRED NEXT CLASS? Lecturer. Dr. Eng. Arch. Dalia M. Al-Khateeb LECTURE.1 INTRODUCTION TO MODULE CONTENT, RESEARCH WORK AND COMPONENTS INTRODUCTION WHAT DID WE LEARN? METHODOLOGY AND METHODS OBSERVATION: INTRODUCTION TO DEFFIRENT OBSERVING PHYSICAL TYPES OF RESEARCH TRACES OBSERVING: WHAT IS METHODOLOGY & ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOUR METHODS FOCUSED INTERVIEWS OBSERVATION TECHNIQUES STANDARDIZED QUESTIONNAIRES SAMPLING TECHNIQUE FOCUSED INTERVIEWS WHAT DID WE LEARN? QUESTIONNAIRES WHAT IS REQUIRED NEXT CLASS? SAMPLING TECHNIQUES Lecturer. Dr. Eng. Arch. Dalia M. Al-Khateeb 12  14/10/2024 LECTURE.1 INTRODUCTION TO MODULE CONTENT, RESEARCH WORK AND COMPONENTS INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY AND METHODS OBSERVATION: WHAT IS REQUIRED FOR NEXT OBSERVING PHYSICAL CLASS? TRACES OBSERVING: ENVIRONMENTAL YOUR RESEARCH PAPER BEHAVIOUR ? METHODOLOGY AND METHODS FOCUSED INTERVIEWS FIELD STUDY BEHAVIORAL MAPS STANDARDIZED ? (INDIVIDUAL) QUESTIONNAIRES SAMPLING TECHNIQUE ? UPDATING PREVIOUS COMMENTS. WHAT DID WE LEARN? WHAT IS REQUIRED NEXT CLASS? Lecturer. Dr. Eng. Arch. Dalia M. Al-Khateeb LECTURE.1 INTRODUCTION TO MODULE CONTENT, RESEARCH WORK AND COMPONENTS INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY AND METHODS OBSERVATION: OBSERVING PHYSICAL TRACES OBSERVING: ENVIRONMENTAL THANK YOU! BEHAVIOUR FOCUSED INTERVIEWS STUDENTS’ QUESTIONS STANDARDIZED QUESTIONNAIRES SAMPLING TECHNIQUE WHAT DID WE LEARN? WHAT IS REQUIRED NEXT CLASS? Lecturer. Dr. Eng. Arch. Dalia M. Al-Khateeb 13