Basic Civil Engineering Lecture 4 PDF

IUTT Basic Civil Engineering Faulty of Engineering Civil Engineering Department Lecturer: Akil Alhuthi Lecture 4 Lecture4  ELEMENTS OF A BUILDING Introduction  Civil engineer must know the element of the project he designs or conduct so he can be...

IUTT Basic Civil Engineering Faulty of Engineering Civil Engineering Department Lecturer: Akil Alhuthi Lecture 4 Lecture4  ELEMENTS OF A BUILDING Introduction  Civil engineer must know the element of the project he designs or conduct so he can be able to manage the project well and success to finish it on time and to achieve the expected quality.  Knowing the element of the projects give the engineer the ability to provide the material needed, manpower and the quality.  ELEMENTS OF A BUILDING The following are the basic elements of a building:  Foundation  Plinth  Beams and slabs  Walls and columns  Sills, lintels and chajjas  Doors and windows  Floors  Roofs  Steps, stairs and lifts  Finishing work  Building services.  ELEMENTS OF A BUILDING 1. Foundation  Building activity starts with digging the ground for foundation and then building it.  it transfers the load of the building to the ground  Its main functions and requirements are: (a) Distribute the load from the structure to soil evenly and safely. (b) To anchor the building to the ground so that under lateral loads building will not move. (c) It prevents the building from overturning due to lateral forces. (d) It gives level surface for the construction of super structure.  ELEMENTS OF A BUILDING Plinth The portion of the wall between the ground level and the ground floor level It is usually of stone masonry or concrete The function of the plinth is to keep the ground floor above ground level, free of dampness  ELEMENTS OF A BUILDING Walls and Columns The function of walls and columns is to transfer the load of the structure vertically downwards to transfer it to foundation Wall function (a) It encloses building area into different compartments and provides privacy. (b) It provides safety from burglary and insects. (c) It keeps the building warm in winter and cool in summer. Beams and slabs  ELEMENTS OF A BUILDING Sills, Lintels and Chajjas: A window frame should not be directly placed over masonry. Sill is placed over 50 mm to 75 mm thick plain concrete course provided over the masonry Lintels are the R.C.C. or stone beams provided over the door and window openings to transfer the load transversely so as to see that door or window frame is not stressed unduly Chajja is the projection given outside the wall to protect doors and windows from the rain They are usually made with R.C.C  ELEMENTS OF A BUILDING Doors and Windows:  The function of a door is to give access to different rooms in the building and to deny the access whenever necessary  The size of the door should be of such dimension as will facilitate the movement of the largest object likely to use the door  Doors are made of timber, wood, and steel  Windows are provided to get light and ventilation in the building  They are located at a height of 0.75 m to 0.9 m from the floor level  ELEMENTS OF A BUILDING Floors:  They give working/useful area for the occupants.  The ground floor is prepared by filling brick bats, waste stones, gravel and well compacted with not less than 100 mm sand layer on its top  Cheapest floor finish for a moderate house is with 20 to 25 mm rich mortar course  The costliest floor finish is mosaic or marble finishing. Roof  Roof is the top most portion of the building which provide top cover to the building  Tiled roof give good thermal protection  Sloping roof like tiled gives leak proof cover easily. But they do not give provision for the construction of additional floor  Terrace adds to the comfort of occupants. Water tanks can be easily placed over the flat roofs.  ELEMENTS OF A BUILDING Step, Stairs and Lifts  Steps give convenient access from ground level to ground floor level.  They are required at doors in the outer wall.  Stairs give access from floor to floor. They should consists of steps of uniform sizes. Finishing  Bottom portion of slab (ceiling), walls and top of floor need smooth finishing with plaster  they are provided with white wash, distemper or paints or tiles.  Functions  (a) Give protective cover  (b) Improve aesthetic view  (c) Rectify defective workmanship  ELEMENTS OF A BUILDING Building Services:  Water supply, sanitation and drainage works, electric supply work and construction of cupboards and s constitute major building services.  Plumbing work is made so as to get water in kitchen, bathrooms, water closets, sinks and garden taps.  For draining rain water from roofs, down take pipes of at least 100 mm diameters should be used. Proper slopes should be given to roof towards down take pipe  For storing water from municipal supply or from tanker a sump is built in the house property near street. From the sump water is pumped to over head tanks placed on or above roof level  Electric supply is essential part of building services. The building should be provided with sufficient points for supply of lights, fans and other electric gadgets. BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF A BUILDING  Strength and Stability: Building should be capable of transferring the expected loads in its life period safely to the ground.  Resistance to Dampness: Dampness in a building is a great nuisance and it may reduce the life of the building.  Heat Insulation: A building should be so oriented and designed that it insulates interior from heat.  Sound Insulation: Buildings should be planned against outdoor and indoor noises.  Durability: Each and every component of the building should be durable.  Security against Burglary: This is the basic need the owner of the building expects.  Lighting and Ventilation: For healthy and happy living natural light and ventilations are required. Diffused light and good cross ventilation should be available inside the building. BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF A BUILDING  Comforts and Conveniences: Various units in the building should be properly grouped and integrated keeping in mind the comfort and convenience of the user.  Economy: Economy without sacrificing comfort, convenience and durability is another basic requirement of the building.  Foundation minimum dimensions are given below: Foundation  Types of shallow footing Stepped footing  This type of foundations are commonly used for walls and masonry columns.  These foundations are built after opening the trenches to required depth  As these foundations are suitable depth, they are grouped under shallow foundations.  Types of shallow footing Isolated Column Footings:  If separate footings are provided for each column, it is called isolated column footing  The size of footing is based on the area required to distribute the load of the columns safely over the soil.  Types of shallow footing Combined Footings:  Common footings may be provided for two columns  This type of footing is necessary when a column is very close to the boundary of the property  The footing is to be designed for transferring loads from both columns safely to the soil  Types of shallow footing Continuous Footings:  If a footing is common to more than two columns in a row, it is called continuous footing. This type of footing is necessary, if the columns in a row are closer or if SBC of soil is low..  Types of shallow footing Mat Footing/Raft Footing  If the load on the column is quite high (Multistory columns) or when the SBC of soil is low, the sizes of isolated columns may work out to be to such an extent that they overlap each other  The added advantage of such footing is, settlement is uniform and hence unnecessary stresses are not produced.  Types deep foundation.  Types deep foundation.  Failures of Foundation.  Failures of Foundation.  Super structures The portion above the ground floor level is known as super structure. It includes walls, columns, beams, floors, roofs, doors, windows, lintels, staircases etc. TYPES OF SUPER STRUCTURES BASED ON THE METHOD OF LOAD TRANSFER Load. Bearing Structures:  In this type of structure the load on the structure is transferred vertically downward through walls.  Such constructions are used in residential buildings where dimension of rooms is less. Framed Structures:  In this type of structures a frame work of columns, beams and floors are built first. Then walls are built to portion the living area.  This type of super structures are required when number of stories in a building is more and also when larger areas are to be covered free from walls.  Super structures The portion above the ground floor level is known as super structure. It includes walls, columns, beams, floors, roofs, doors, windows, lintels, staircases etc. TYPES OF SUPER STRUCTURES BASED ON THE METHOD OF LOAD TRANSFER Load. Bearing Structures:  In this type of structure the load on the structure is transferred vertically downward through walls.  Such constructions are used in residential buildings where dimension of rooms is less. Framed Structures:  In this type of structures a frame work of columns, beams and floors are built first. Then walls are built to portion the living area.  This type of super structures are required when number of stories in a building is more and also when larger areas are to be covered free from walls.  Super structures.  Walls Walls are built to partition living area into different parts. They impart privacy and protection against temperature, rain and theft. Walls may be classified as Load Bearing Walls:  the walls which transfer the load from roof and floors to. foundation, If beams and columns are not used Partition Walls:  In framed structures partition walls are built to divide floor area for different utilities.  They do not carry loads from floor and roof. They have to carry  only self-weight.  Walls.  masonry Masonry . like stone, It means construction of buildings using building blocks bricks, concrete blocks etc..  Masonry is used for the construction of foundation, plinth, walls and columns.  Mortar is the binding material for the building blocks Types of Stone Masonry Rubble Masonry: In this type of constructions stones of irregular sizes and shapes are used.  The rubble masonry may be coursed or uncoursed  A skilled mason may arrange the facing stones in polygonal shapes to improve the aesthetic of the wall.  masonry..  masonry Ashlar Masonry:  In this type of masonry stones are dressed to get suitable. shapes and sizes.  The height of the stones varies from 250 mm to 300 mm..  In such construction mortar consumption is less compared to rubble masonry.  masonry Supervision of Stone Masonry Construction 1. Hard and durable stones. 2. Stones should be laid on their natural bed.. 3. The heart of masonry should be filled with stone chips and mortars 4. Verticality of the wall should be frequently checked with plumb-bob. 5. Mortars with correct proportion of sand and cement should be used. 6. Continuous vertical joints should be avoided. 7. Curing should be done properly for 2 to 3 weeks  masonry..  masonry..  masonry..  masonry..  masonry Points to be Observed in Supervising Brick Masonry Constructions 1.. Use bricks of good quality with uniform colour, well burnt, with exact shape and size. 2. Before using the bricks in masonry, they should be soaked in water for 2 hours so that bricks do not absorb water from the mortar. 3. Construction of brick wall should start from the end or corner. 4. Brick courses should be perfectly horizontal. 5. Verticality of the wall should be ensured by frequently checking with plumb- bob. 6. Mortar used should be as per specification. 7. Walls should be raised uniformly