Newspapers: A History PDF

Newspapers  Started three hundred years ago.  It was one-page only and featured announcements about the arrival and the departure of ships.  The papers also carried stories from Europe as narrated by sailors.  Newspapers like Los Angeles Times run up to 500 pages on weeke...

Newspapers  Started three hundred years ago.  It was one-page only and featured announcements about the arrival and the departure of ships.  The papers also carried stories from Europe as narrated by sailors.  Newspapers like Los Angeles Times run up to 500 pages on weekends. EARLY AMERICAN NEWSPAPERS NEWSPAPERS AS THE FIRST MEDIUM OF NEWS The development of technology has changed the role of early newspapers. In 1690 to 1920 newspapers were the source of information to the audience. After 1920 the radio was invented. The birth of radio ended newspapers monopoly on news as radio could broadcast quicker information. The government was not controlling or owning the newspapers. The idea of (what to publish in the newspapers) started in the United States. Government ownership of newspapers That started with the British colonialism. The newspapers articles require an approval from the government. (Why?) The front pages represented the “Publish by Authority” The news papers with criticism will face punishment. Peter Zenger sent to jail in November 1734for printing false. Seditious language is the language that those in power believe would lead to troubles against the government. Birth of the partisan press British colonization created a stamp Act to make the newspapers publishers pay tax on each published issue of the paper. Many publishers threatened to stop publishing and the Act was eventually repealed because of the strong opposition. The alien and sedition laws This law created by the congress in At the time journalists used 1798 as a way of stopping criticism newspapers to oppose unpopular against the government. governments. “any journalist who print or publish false, scandals and malicious writing against the government of the US, or The law stated that: either houses of the congress of the US, or the president of the US” could be fined up to $2000 and jailed for two years.  Many journalists were jailed because of the opposition of this law. https://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=cBIoPplnbf8 Technology and the development of early American newspapers In 19th century the improvement in technology such as cheaper newspapers, mechanized printing and telegraph all helped newspapers to now reach wider audiences faster. Earlier newspapers were reaching educated sections of the cities but now they started to reach areas were immigrants as well as native American are living. After this expansion, there were three developments Rise of frontier journalism Rise of ethnic and cultural newspapers Rise of alternative press Frontier journalism The search for golds and silver made many people to move to the west of the country. Others also moved in search of new interests. Having migrated will require people to use newspapers to remain informed about their previous places. Telegraph news stories move easily to new locations so the newspapers can publish them.  Ethnic and native American newspapers American newspapers published in English. But On February 21, 1828, the first Native American there was also Spanish and native American newspaper appeared. populations who felt English newspapers will not serve them.  The alternative press saw newspapers as the outlet of voicing the social protests. Topics like women liberation, anti-slavery were strongest groups that brough the alternative press. ALTERNATI Benjamin Day reduced the cost of VE PRESS the newspapers to one penny and started to sell it in the streets. His 4-page paper usually reported gossips, police/crime news and advertisements. Competition More papers emerged = more competition to catch audience’s attention. Yellow journalism In 1920s, yellow This kind of journalism By 1900 a third of the journalism also called focused on gossips, city papers were jazz journalism as it was crime, scandals, and practicing the yellow published 11*14inch violence. journalism. papers. Trade unions and the rise of professionalism The journalists started to get employed and getting better salaries. With better pay the code of ethics started to be followed by them.  Newspapers were challenging the radio. The birth After the birth of the TV. There was a new of TV competitor to share the advert money. brought TV. Was bigger threat than the radio. more (WHY?) competitio Newspapers had to work harder to change n to their content to attract audiences. newspape Many afternoon newspapers died because rs people preferred TV’s afternoon news headlines. 1960s and the re-emergence of alternative press There was an equal rights issues in this time and people opposed the Vietnam war. That issues required the newspapers Sound. https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=vP4iY1TtS3s  The readership rates The decline of the newspapers 10% Started in the US. In 1970s. Because of the TV. 11% 18-29 30-49 50-64 The decline increased 65+ today because of the fall of 60% 19% the readership rates. WHAT NOW? THE NEWSPAPERS MAINTAIN THE READERS BY MOVING TO ONLINE. YOUNG PEOPLE STOP READING THE NEWSPAPERS AND THAT AFFECTS THE ADVERTISEMENT REVENUES. 100 NEWSPAPERS CLOSED IN THE US. IN 2009. INTERNET EDITIONS DIDN’T BRING THAT MUCH REVENUES. INTERNET EDITIONS PUBLISH SHORTER NEWS AND PROVIDE ADDITIONAL SOURCES ON THE TOPIC. SOME ON-LINE STARTED TO CHARGE MONEY AND OTHERS ARE FREE.