Lecture-3-bones-upload.pptx

University of the Year for Student Experience (The Times/Sunday Times Good University Guide 2020) Foundations of Medicine – Anatomy Lecture Series Introduction to Bones Dr Seaneen McDougall ([email protected]) All images from Moore, Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 7th Ed, unless otherwise sta...

University of the Year for Student Experience (The Times/Sunday Times Good University Guide 2020) Foundations of Medicine – Anatomy Lecture Series Introduction to Bones Dr Seaneen McDougall ([email protected]) All images from Moore, Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 7th Ed, unless otherwise stated Learning outcomes By the end of the session you should be able to: 1. Describe the development and structure of bone, including bony features and fracture healing 2. Describe the general anatomy of the skeleton, including axial and appendicular, comparison of limb bones 3. Identify and describe the bones, and their related bony features, as discussed in this lecture 4. Define “pectoral girdle”, pelvic girdle” “arm”, “forearm”, “thigh” & “leg” 5. State that the skeleton is made up of both bones and cartilage together 6. Use the knowledge from this lecture to guide your learning when using the Osteology Checklists dundee.ac.uk Page 1 Development of bone - endochondral ossification - process in which an initial small, hyaline cartilage version grows and turns into bone (ossifies) - long bones e.g. humerus, femur - at each end, each bone has: - an epiphysis - an epiphyseal growth plate - Metaphysis - Diaphysis is found between the two ends i.e. the shaft - when the growth plate of hyaline cartilage finally ossifies, dundee.ac.uk bone growth ceases epiphysis epiphyseal growth plate metaphysis bone growth diaphysis metaphysis epiphyseal growth plate epiphysis LO’s 1 Page 2 Structure of bone - outer cortex - dense, strong, heavy - COMPACT (cortical) bone - inner medulla - more porous, weaker, lighter - SPONGY (trabecullar/cancellous) bone - the medulla may contain bone marrow: - in some bones, the marrow is the site of red & white blood cell production dundee.ac.uk - hip bone, breast bone, skull, ribs, vertebrae and in the cancellous ("spongy") material at the proximal ends of the long bones LO’s 1 femur and humerus Page 3 Structure of bone hyaline (articular ) cartilage compact bone - periosteum - fibrous connective tissue ‘sleeve’ - vascularised - well innervated - results in extreme pain during tearing of the periosteum as occurs during fractures dundee.ac.uk periosteum marrow cavity spongy bone - nutrient vessels - artery and vein - carry blood to/from medullary cavity sensory nerve fibre (in periosteum) nutrient artery and vein lymphatic vessel LO’s 1 Page 4 Bony features ischial tuberosity - bony features develop during bone growth: - functional (genetic) - best shape for the job - an adjacent structure applies a force to the developing bone - an adjacent structure is developing at the same time as the bone dundee.ac.uk greater tubercle (tuberosity) of the humerus styloid process of the radius lesser trochanter femoral condyle tibial tuberosity medial malleolus LO’s 1, 3 Page 5 Bony features - The floor of the cranial cavity (the space inside the skull) is divided into 3 fossae: - anterior cranial fossa - middle cranial fossa - posterior cranial fossa - the development of different parts of the brain moulded the floor of the cranial cavity into these 3 fossae (singular: fossa = space) - foraminae (singular foramen) - a “hole” - for cranial nerves & the brain’s blood vessels to pass into/out of the cranial cavity dundee.ac.uk LO’s 1, 3 Page 6 Fracture and fracture healing normal left clavicle trauma fractured left clavicle initial healing – callus of new bone surrounding fracture line callus remodelling (reassuming normal shape) healed left clavicle (more or less normal shape) titanium plate & screws - fracture surgically reduced & fixed LO’s 1 dundee.ac.uk Page 7 http://www.drdavidduckworth.com.au/patient-conditions/ Skeleton Axial Skeleton: - bones of the skull - bones of the neck - (including the cervical vertebrae & the hyoid bone) - bones of the trunk (chest, abdomen & back) dundee.ac.uk Appendicular Skeleton: - bones of the pectoral girdle (attaches upper limbs to axial skeleton) - bones of the upper limbs - bones of the pelvic girdle (attaches lower limbs to axial skeleton) - bones of the lower limb LO’s 2, 4 Page 8 Bones of the Skull draw a line from superior to the orbits.. bones of the cranial vault (neurocranium) line = the base of the skull (most inferior part of the neurocranium) bones of the facial skeleton (viscerocranium) dundee.ac.uk ..to inferior to the ears LO’s 3 Page 9 The Bones of the Cranial Vault coronal suture left side of the frontal bone left parietal bone left sphenoid bone left temporal bone left side of the occipital bone left lateral view LO’s 3 dundee.ac.uk Page 10 The Bones of the Cranial Vault sagittal suture left parietal bone right parietal bone the occipital bone left temporal bone right temporal bone LO’s 3 dundee.ac.uk posterior view Page 11 The “Base of the Skull” skull cap cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone the frontal bone the sphenoid bone left temporal bone right temporal bone forame n magnu the occipital m bone dundee.ac.uk superior view posterior LO’s 3 Page 12 The Bones of the Facial Skeleton left nasal bone left zygoma (zygomatic bone) left maxilla anterior view dundee.ac.uk right and left sides of the mandible LO’s 3 Page 13 Adult vertebral column 33 vertebrae in total - - 7 cervical - C1-C7 12 thoracic - T1-T12 5 lumbar - L1-L5 5 sacral - fused to form 1 sacrum 4 coccygeal - fused to form 1 coccyx - from superior to inferior: - become larger as they bear more weight - become smaller again once weight has transferred to hip bones LO’s 3 dundee.ac.uk Page 14 Curvatures of vertebral column secondar y curvature primary curvature secondar y curvature primary curvature LO’s 3 dundee.ac.uk primary Page 15 Features & functions of a typical vertebra spinous process x 1 (ligament & muscle attachments) inferior articular process (x2) superior articular processes (x2) transverse processes x 2 (ligament, muscle & rib articulations) L L P vertebral foramen (transmits & protects the spinal cord) dundee.ac.uk P vertebral body (weight bearing) the vertebral arch protects the spinal cord & consists of: pedicle x 2 lamina x 2 superior view LO’s 3 Page 16 Intervertebral Foraminae - intervertebral foramen - - form between adjacent vertebrae spinal nerves emerge through here facet joint - between articular processes of 2 adjacent vertebrae - affected by arthritis LO’s 3 dundee.ac.uk Page 17 The Cervical Vertebrae - All have a foramen in each transverse process - transverse foramen - passage of vertebral arteries - C1 - Atlas - does not have a body or spinous process - it has a posterior arch and an anterior arch instead - C2 - Axis - has an odontoid process - projects superiorly from body - C7 - vertebrae prominens transverse foramen transverse foramen LO’s 3 dundee.ac.uk Page 18 Bones of the chest (and back) rib 1 is protected by the clavicle and is less likely to fracture than the other ribs 12 pairs of ribs: True Ribs 1-7 (attach via their costal cartilage to the sternum) The sharp end of a fractured rib has the potential to pierce and damage the soft tissues or organs lying deep to it e.g. lung, liver, spleen False Ribs 810 (attach via the costal cartilage above to the sternum) Floating Ribs 11 & 12 dundee.ac.uk sternum LO’s 3 Page 19 Bones of the appendicular skeleton the pectoral girdle (the 2 scapulae, 2 clavicles the pelvic girdle ( the 2 hip bones & the sacrum) dundee.ac.uk LO’s 2, 3, 4Page 20 Bones of the appendicular skeleton The upper limb Arm (between shoulder and elbow joint) Forearm (between elbow and wrist joint) Hand (distal to the forearm) Thigh (between hip and knee joint) Leg (between knee and ankle joint) dundee.ac.uk Foot (distal to the ankle) The lower limb LO’s 2, 3, 4Page 21 Comparison of upper and lower limbs 1 long bone in the arm: the humerus 2 long bones in the forearm: radius and ulna hand: carpal bones (wrist), metacarpals (palm) & phalanges (fingers) dundee.ac.uk 1 long bone in the thigh: femur 2 long bones in the leg: tibia and fibula foot: tarsal bones (hindfoot/midfoot), metatarsals (forefoot) & phalanges (forefoot-toes) LO’s 2, 4 Page 22 Bone and Cartilage: The skeleton Bones and cartilage together make up the skeleton Bone - Hard, connective tissue - Functions include: - Support & protection of the body organs - Calcium metabolism -Red blood cell formation - Attachment for skeletal muscles Cartilage - less rigid than bone - located where mobility is required at articulations (joints) Movement of the skeleton occurs at joints. Skeletal muscles contract to move the bones, therefore without joints we couldn’t move. dundee.ac.uk LO’s 5 Page 23 Osteology Checklists LO’s 6 dundee.ac.uk Page 24 Useful Reading and Resources - Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 7e, Intro Chapter: Skeletal System, and Muscle Tissue and Muscular System, Pgs. 18-35 Essential Clinical Anatomy, 4e, Intro Chapter: Skeletal System and Muscular System, Pgs. 9-23 **All ‘core’ content is contained within the lectures and associated workshops/dissections (including previous lectures); it is not compulsory to use the additional resources listed here, they are provided to help you gain a better understanding of the subject matter. While every effort is made to check the content of all additional resources, there may be an occasional error; if you have any questions please let me know.** dundee.ac.uk Page 25 dundee.ac.uk