Lecture 22 2023 PDF

Contents • • • • CO2 CO2 in the atmosphere (Keeling Curve) CO2 sources Capturing CO2 Schedule Date/Time Tuesday, 17th October 2023 Tuesday, 24th October 2023 Tuesday, 31st October 2023 Tuesday, 7th November 2023 Tuesday, 14th November 2023 Tuesday, 21st November 2023 𝒄𝒂𝒕.  𝒄𝒂𝒕.  𝒄𝒂𝒕....

Contents • • • • CO2 CO2 in the atmosphere (Keeling Curve) CO2 sources Capturing CO2 Schedule Date/Time Tuesday, 17th October 2023 Tuesday, 24th October 2023 Tuesday, 31st October 2023 Tuesday, 7th November 2023 Tuesday, 14th November 2023 Tuesday, 21st November 2023 𝒄𝒂𝒕.  𝒄𝒂𝒕.  𝒄𝒂𝒕. Black Arrows/Numbers ≤ 1750 (pre-industrial) Red Arrows/Numbers 2000-2009 (annual anthro. fluxes) Red Numbers (reservoirs) Cumulative changes 1750-2011 Keeling Curve* 520 480 CO2 Concentration (ppmv) Approximate fit 440 400 Atmospheric CO2 at the Mauna Loa Observatory 360 320 280 1940 1960 1980 2000 Year 2020 2040 *Charles D. Keeling (1928-2005), Scripps Institute of Oceanography, UC San Diego, USA CO2 Concentration (ppmv) = 315.7+0.68195(Year-1958)+0.014138(Year-1958)2 419.9 ppmv (predicted, 01/2023) vs 419.5 ppmv (actual) See also http://www.fossil.energy.gov/news/techlines/2009/09061CCS_Documentary_Wins_Award.html; EASAC (2013) Policy Report 20. Carbon Capture and Storage in Europe, http://www.easac.eu for an overview of CCS) 2060 - perfected manometric (IR) measurements for CO2 - recognised the importance of remote/unperturbed sampling locations - sustained measurement Charles D. Keeling (1928-2005) Total = 36.8 billion tonnes (2019) Total = 0.033 billion tonnes (2019); 0.089% of Global Source of CO2 Concentration % Vol Gas Pressure MPa Temperature 0C Source of CO2 Concentration % Vol Iron & Steel 15 Cement 15-30 Petroleum refining 3-100 150 Natural gas fired boilers 7-10 0.1 Gas turbines 3-4 0.1 500-590 Oil fired boilers 11-13 0.1 120-150 Coal fired boilers 12-14 0.1 70-150 IGCC 12-14 0.1 150 Typical power generation flue gas stream compositions and temperature Process 8-12 Fuel 100 Petrochemical Typical industrial flue gas stream compositions Energy Sources and Carbon Emissions in Ireland https://www.seai.ie/data-and-insights/seai-statistics/key-statistics/energy-use-overview/ (accessed 13-10-2022) Energy Sources and Carbon Emissions in Ireland https://www.seai.ie/data-and-insights/seai-statistics/key-statistics/energy-use-overview/ (accessed 13-10-2022) Carbon Capture during Power Generation Fuel N2 CO2 Separation Power Generation Post Combustion CO2 Air H2O Air/O2/Steam Air Pre-combustion Fuel Gasification Reformer + CO2 Separation Power Generation N2 H2O CO2 H2O Fuel Power Generation CO2 H2O Air O2 Separation N2 Oxy-fuel Carbon Capture Technologies Process Amine/MEA absorption/stripping Potassium Carbonate Absorption/stripping Membrane Separation Molecular Sieves Adsorption/stripping Refrigeration Seawater Absorption CO2 Removal Efficiency % 90 90 90 90 90 90 kWh(e)/kg CO2 Recovered 0.60 0.70 0.79 0.88 0.88 1.76 Source: A. Olli et al, VTT EU-FP6 Internal Report (2006) on capture for a coal-fired power plant Physical separation processes are employed for CO2 concentrations over 10% and chemical separations for lower concentrations. To ensure downstream processing of CO2 is feasible, the effluent CO2 concentration must be increased to avoid unnecessary pumping and storage costs. Costs of Carbon Capture (Power Generation) The primary costs in implementing CO2 capture technology are • Capital cost (total design, purchase and installation costs) • Product cost (e.g. electric power) • Cost of CO2 avoided (difference in product cost per kWh-1 with and without CO2 capture as a fraction of the difference in total mass of CO2 emissions per kWh-1 with and without capture) Cost of CO avoided (€/tonne) 2 = (€ / kWh ) capture − (€ / kWh )reference ( tonne CO2 / kWh )reference − ( tonne CO2 / kWh )capture • Cost of CO2 captured (difference in product cost per kWh-1 with and without CO2 capture as a fraction of the total mass of CO2 captured per kWh-1) Costs of Carbon Capture • Capture is the most expensive step (2/3 of the added cost of CCS) • Costs must be expressed in CO2 avoided and not CO2 captured. • Cost must be assessed based on added cost of electricity (CoE) produced (criterion for selecting technology and plant construction) PC plant with capture 2096 -1 Capital cost ($ kW ) without capture 1286 with capture 73 Product cost ($ MWh-1) without capture 46 Cost CO2 captured $/tCO2) 29 Cost Cost CO2 avoided $/tCO2) Change plant efficiency Ε 41 0.76 Plant NGCC IGCC Hydrogen 998 1825 568 1326 54 62 9.1 37 47 7.8 44 20 12 53 0.85 25 0.83 15 0.92 Summary of some modern power plant cost performance indicators (Metz et al. (2005)) Costs of Carbon Capture (SEI (2005)) Electricity cost ~4 c/kWh for zero carbon tax. The Miller field is off the coast of Scotland. Costs of Carbon Capture (SEI (2005)) The Utsira aquifer is located off the coast of Norway Costs of Carbon Capture (SEI (2005)) Summary of Case Studies for Carbon Capture (SEI (2005))