Introduction to Mobile Technology and Wireless Communication PDF

INTRODUCTION TO MOBILE TECHNOLOGY 2. Wireless Communication standard Introduction The name Wi-Fi, commercially used at least as early as August 1999, was coined by the brand-consulting firm Interbrand. The Wi-Fi Alliance had hired Interbrand to create a name that was “a little catc...

INTRODUCTION TO MOBILE TECHNOLOGY 2. Wireless Communication standard Introduction The name Wi-Fi, commercially used at least as early as August 1999, was coined by the brand-consulting firm Interbrand. The Wi-Fi Alliance had hired Interbrand to create a name that was “a little catchier than ‘IEEE 802.11b Direct Sequence.’ ” Phil Belanger, a founding member of the Wi-Fi Alliance who presided over the selection of the name “Wi-Fi,” has stated that Interbrand invented Wi-Fi as a pun upon the word hi-fi. Interbrand also created the Wi-Fi logo. The most common set of wireless standards you will encounter is the IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN (WLAN) & Mesh. The IEEE updates the 802.11 Wi-Fi standard every few years. At the time of writing, the current Wi-Fi standard is 802.11ac, while the next generation Wi-Fi standard, 802.11ax, is in the process of rolling out. Wireless Standard Wireless standards are a set of services and protocols that dictate how your Wi-Fi network (and other data transmission networks) acts. Brief history of Wi-Fi standards 1. IEEE 802.11  The original! Created in 1997, this now-defunct standard supported a blazing fast maximum connection speed of megabits per second (Mbps). Devices using this haven't been made for over a decade and won't work with today's equipment. 2. IEEE 802.11a  Created in 1999, this version of Wi-Fi works on the 5GHz band. This was done with the hope of encountering less interference since many devices (like most wireless phones) also use the 2.4GHz band. 802.11a is fairly quick, too, with maximum data rates topping out at 54Mbps. However, the 5GHz frequency has more difficulty with objects that are in the signal's path, so the range is often poor. 3. IEEE 802.11b  Also created in 1999, this standard uses the more typical 2.4GHz band and can achieve a maximum speed of 11Mbps. 802.11b was the standard that kick-started Wi-Fi's popularity. Brief history of Wi-Fi standards 4. IEEE 802.11g  Designed in 2003, the 802.11g standard upped the maximum data rate to 54Mbps while retaining usage of the reliable 2.4GHz band. This resulted in the widespread adoption of the standard. 5. IEEE 802.11n  Introduced in 2009, this version had slow initial adoption. 802.11n operates on both 2.4GHz and 5GHz, as well as supporting multi-channel usage. Each channel offers a maximum data rate of 150Mbps, which means the standard's maximum data rate is 600Mbps 6. IEEE 802.11ac  The ac standard is what you will find most wireless devices using at the time of writing. Initially released in 2014, ac drastically increases the data throughput for Wi-Fi devices up to a maximum of 1,300 megabits per second. Furthermore, ac adds MU-MIMO support, additional Wi-Fi broadcast channels for the 5GHz band, and support for more antennas on a single router. Brief history of Wi-Fi standards 7. IEEE 802.11ax  Next up for your router and your wireless devices is the ax standard. As ax completes its rollout, you will have access to theoretical network throughput of 10Gbps—around a 30-40 percent improvement over the ac standard. Furthermore, wireless ax will increase network capacity by adding broadcast subchannels, upgrading MU-MIMO, and allowing more simultaneous data streams. Can All Wi-Fi Standards Communicate? Two devices using the same Wi-Fi standard can communicate without restriction. Issues arise, however, when you try to connect two devices that use different, potentially incompatible wireless standards.  In recent times, your router and devices using 802.11ac can communicate happily.  Devices that use 802.11b, g, and n can all communicate with an ac router.  11b cannot communicate with a, and vice versa.  11g cannot communicate with b, and vice versa. The original 1997 standard (now known as 802.11 legacy) is now obsolete, while the a and b standards are nearing the end of their lifespan. What Is Wi-Fi 6? Wi-Fi 6 is the Wi-Fi Alliance's wireless standard naming system. The Wi-Fi Alliance argues that the 802.11 terminology is confusing for consumers. The Wi-Fi Alliance naming system runs concurrently with the IEEE 802.11 convention. Here's how the naming standards correlate:  Wi-Fi 6: 11ax (2019)  Wi-Fi 5: 11ac (2014)  Wi-Fi 4: 11n (2009)  Wi-Fi 3: 11g (2003)  Wi-Fi 2: 11a (1999)  Wi-Fi 1: 11b (1999)  Legacy: 11 (1997) What Is Wi-Fi 6E? Wi-Fi 6 became a widespread Wi-Fi standard throughout 2020. But by the end of 2020, another "new" standard was beginning to pick up the pace. Wi-Fi 6E is an extension to Wi-Fi 6. The update allows your Wi-Fi connection to broadcast over the 6GHz band. 3. Data Transmission standards Introduction Mobile communications technology has come a long way since the initial analogue phones. In this lesson we will understand the evolution from 1G to 4G with technologies behind this phenomenal growth and important developments along the way. MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS AND DATA Mobile Data is the term used by many to describe the use of wireless data communications using radio waves to send and receive information. Evolution form GSM to 5G Evolution form GSM to 5G Mobile wireless communication system has gone through several evolution stages in the past few decades after the introduction of the first generation mobile network in early 1980s. Due to huge demand for more connections worldwide, mobile communication standards advanced rapidly to support more users. Let’s take a look on the evolution stages of wireless technologies for mobile communication. 1G – First generation mobile communication system The first generation of mobile network was deployed in Japan by Nippon Telephone and Telegraph company (NTT) in Tokyo during 1979. In the beginning of 1980s, it gained popularity in the US, Finland, UK and Europe. This system used analogue signals and it had many disadvantages due to technology limitations. Key features (technology) of 1G system Frequency 800 MHz and 900 MHz Bandwidth: 10 MHz (666 duplex channels with bandwidth of 30 KHz) Technology: Analogue switching Modulation: Frequency Modulation (FM) Mode of service: voice only Access technique: Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDM 2G – Second generation communication system GSM Second generation of mobile communication system introduced a new digital technology for wireless transmission also known as Global System for Mobile communication (GSM). GSM technology became the base standard for further development in wireless standards later. This standard was capable of supporting up to 14.4 to 64kbps (maximum) data rate which is sufficient for SMS and email services. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) system developed by Qualcomm also introduced and implemented in the mid 1990s. CDMA has more features than GSM in terms of spectral efficiency, number of users and data rate. 2.5G and 2.75G system In order to support higher data rate, General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) was introduced and successfully deployed. GPRS was capable of data rate up to 171kbps (maximum). EDGE – Enhanced Data GSM Evolution also developed to improve data rate for GSM networks. EDGE was capable to support up to 473.6kbps (maximum). Another popular technology CDMA2000 was also introduced to support higher data rate for CDMA networks. This technology has the ability to provide up to 384 kbps data rate (maximum). Key features of 2G system Digital system (switching) SMS services is possible Roaming is possible Enhanced security Encrypted voice transmission First internet at lower data rate Disadvantages of 2G system Low data rate Limited mobility Less features on mobile devices Limited number of users and hardware capability 3G – Third generation communication system Third generation mobile communication started with the introduction of UMTS – Universal Mobile Terrestrial / Telecommunication Systems. UMTS has the data rate of 384kbps and it support video calling for the first time on mobile devices. After the introduction of 3G mobile communication system, smart phones became popular across the globe. Specific applications were developed for smartphones which handles multimedia chat, email, video calling, games, social media and healthcare. 3.5G to 3.75 Systems In order to enhance data rate in existing 3G networks, another two technology improvements are introduced to network. HSDPA – High Speed Downlink Packet access and HSUPA – High Speed Uplink Packet Access, developed and deployed to the 3G networks. 3.5G network can support up to 2mbps data rate. 3.75 system is an improved version of 3G network with HSPA+ High Speed Packet Access plus. Later this system will evolve into more powerful 3.9G system known as LTE (Long Term Evolution). Key features of 3G system Higher data rate Video calling Enhanced security, more number of users and coverage Mobile app support Multimedia message support Location tracking and maps Better web browsing TV streaming High quality 3D games 4G – Fourth generation communication system 4G systems are enhanced version of 3G networks developed by IEEE, offers higher data rate and capable to handle more advanced multimedia services. LTE and LTE advanced wireless technology used in 4th generation systems. Furthermore, it has compatibility with previous version thus easier deployment and upgrade of LTE and LTE advanced networks are possible M – Mobile multimedia A – Anytime anywhere G – Global mobility support I – Integrated wireless solution C – Customized personal service Key features of 4G system Much higher data rate up to 1Gbps Enhanced security and mobility Reduced latency for mission critical applications High definition video streaming and gaming Voice over LTE network VoLTE (use IP packets for voice) 5G – Fifth generation communication system It is still quite in its early stages and the the technology likely to appear in the market only by 2020 at the earliest. Goals for future 5G include significantly faster speeds (a minimum of 1 Gbps and perhaps up to 10 Gbps) plus lower power requirements to better support huge numbers of new Internet of Things (IoT) devices. It will have capabilities to provide faster dialing speeds, multiple device connectivity, higher data speeds just to name a few. Key features of 5G technology Ultra fast mobile internet up to 10Gbps Low latency in milliseconds (significant for mission critical applications) Total cost deduction for data Higher security and reliable network Uses technologies like small cells, beam forming to improve efficiency Forward compatibility network offers further enhancements in future Cloud based infrastructure offers power efficiency, easy maintenance and upgrade of hardware Comparison of 1G to 5G technology