Lecture 2 Fluid Dynamics PDF

Fluid dynamics - Equation of Fluid statics continuity and Bernoulli’s What is a fluid? Density principle. Pressure Fluid pressure and depth Pascal’s principle Buoyancy Lecture 4 Archimedes’ principle...

Fluid dynamics - Equation of Fluid statics continuity and Bernoulli’s What is a fluid? Density principle. Pressure Fluid pressure and depth Pascal’s principle Buoyancy Lecture 4 Archimedes’ principle Dr Julia Bryant Fluid dynamics Reynolds number Equation of continuity web notes: Fluidslect4.pdf Bernoulli’s principle Viscosity and turbulent flow flow1.pdf flow2.pdf Poiseuille’s equation http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/teach_res/jp/fluids/wfluids.htm Fluid dynamics REYNOLDS NUMBER A British scientist Osborne Reynolds (1842 – 1912) established that the nature of the flow depends upon a dimensionless quantity, which is now called the Reynolds number Re. Re = ρ v L / η ρ density of fluid v average flow velocity over the cross section of the pipe L characteristic dimension η viscosity  Re = ρ v L / η pascal 1 Pa = 1 N.m -2 [Re] ≡ [kg.m-3] [m.s-1][m] newton 1 N = 1 kg.m.s -2 1 Pa.s = kg.m.s. m.s -2 -2 [Pa.s] ≡ kg x m x m x s2.m2 = m3 s kg.m.s Re is a dimensionless number As a rule of thumb, for a flowing fluid Re < ~ 2000 laminar flow ~ 2000 < Re < ~ 3000 unstable laminar to turbulent flow Re > ~ 2000 turbulent flow Consider an IDEAL FLUID Fluid motion is very complicated. However, by making some assumptions, we can develop a useful model of fluid behaviour. An ideal fluid is Incompressible – the density is constant Irrotational – the flow is smooth, no turbulence Nonviscous – fluid has no internal friction (η=0) Steady flow – the velocity of the fluid at each point is constant in time.  Streamlines" Consider the average motion of - in steady flow, the fluid at a particular point in a bundle of space and time." streamlines makes a flow tube. An individual fluid element will follow a path called a flow line." Steady flow is when the pattern of flow lines does not change with time. v Velocity of particle is tangent to streamline" Streamlines cannot cross Steady flow is also called laminar flow." If steady flow hits a boundary or if the rate of flow increases, steady flow can become chaotic and irregular. This is called turbulent flow." For now, we will consider only steady flow situations." A model EQUATION OF CONTINUITY A1 (conservation of mass) A2 v1 v2 The mass of fluid in a flow tube is constant. Where streamlines crowd together the flow speed increases.  EQUATION OF CONTINUITY (conservation of mass) mass flowing in = mass flowing out m1 = m2 V=A Δx v=Δx/Δt ρ V1 = ρ V2 So V=A vΔt ρ A1 v1 Δt = ρ A2 v2 Δt A1 v1 = A2 v2 =Q=V/t =constant Q=volume flow rate m3s-1 Applications Rivers Circulatory systems Respiratory systems Air conditioning systems Y-junction with pipes of the same diameter Ai vi = Af vf Af = 2Ai So flow speed must drop to half vf = 1/2 vi ms-1  Y-junction with pipes of half the diameter Ai vi = Af vf The pipes after the branch must have half the cross-sectional area of those before if the flow speed is to stay the same. How big does each of the tubes need to be if the different sized coke bottles are to fill in the same time? A0 A2 If the velocity is constant, (A1 + A2) v = A0 v A1 Volume flow rate is V/t = Av m3s-1 Bottles fill in time t t = V = 0.375 = 1.25 s Av A 1v A 2v A = A – A 1 0 2 0.375. A2 = 1.25 A0 -1.25 A2 A2 = 1.25 A0 /1.625 m2 = 0.77 A0 m2 A1 = 0.23 A0 m2 375 ml 1.25 L What velocity must the flow of scotch and coke be to make a drink with the volume of scotch being 15% that of the coke, if the scotch tube is 3 times the area of the coke tube? From the continuity equation A1v1 + A2v2 = Afvf v1 v2 The relative volume flow rate is V1/t1 = 0.15 V2/t2 m3s-1 A1 A2 But volume flow rate V/t = Av so A1v1 = 0.15 A2v2 m3s-1 vf The areas of the pipes are Af different A1= 3 A2 m2 3 A2 v1 = 0.15 A2v2 3v1 = 0.15 v2 v1 = 0.05 v2 m.s-1 Blood flowing through our body The radius of the aorta is ~ 10 mm and the blood flowing through it has a speed ~ 300 mm.s-1. A capillary has a radius ~ 4×10-3 mm but there are literally billions of them. The average speed of blood through the capillaries is ~ 5×10-4 m.s-1. Calculate the effective cross sectional area of the capillaries and the approximate number of capillaries. Setup aorta RA = 10×10-3 m =10mm … and AA=cross sectional area of aorta capillaries RC = 4×10-6 m =0.004mm … and AC =cross sectional area of capillaries aorta vA = 0.300 m.s-1 capillaries vC = 5×10-4 m.s-1 Assume steady flow of an ideal fluid and apply the equation of continuity Q = A v = constant ⇒ AA vA = AC vC Area of capilliaries AC aorta AC = AA (vA / vC) = π RA2 (vA / vC) AC = 0.20 m2 Number of capillaries N capillaries AC = N π RC2 N = AC / (π RC2) = 0.2 / {π (4×10-6)2} N = 4×109  BERNOULLI'S PRINCIPLE An increase in the speed of fluid flow results in a decrease in the pressure. (In an ideal fluid.) Daniel Bernoulli How can a plane fly? (1700 – 1782) What is the venturi effect? Why is Bernoulli’s principle handy in a bar? Why does a cricket ball swing or a baseball curve? web notes: flow3.pdf Bernoulli’s floating ball - the vacuum cleaner shop experiment! Higher pressure Higher High v pressure Lower pressure DEMO  A1" A1" A2" Fluid flow v1" v2" v1" low speed" high speed" low speed" low KE" high KE" low KE" high pressure" low pressure" high pressure" Streamlines closer"  p large" p large" p small" v small" v large" v small" In a storm how does a house lose its roof? Air flow is disturbed by the house. The "streamlines" crowd around the top of the roof. ⇒faster flow above house ⇒reduced pressure above roof to that inside the house ⇒roof lifted off because of pressure difference. Why do rabbits not suffocate in the burrows? Air must circulate. The burrows must have two entrances. Air flows across the two holes is usually slightly different ⇒ slight pressure difference ⇒ forces flow of air through burrow. One hole is usually higher than the other and the a small mound is built around the holes to increase the pressure difference. p2< p1 p2 p1 VENTURI EFFECT VENTURI EFFECT Flow tubes velocity increased" pressure decreased" VENTURI EFFECT Flow tubes Eq Continuity low pressure" velocity increased" high! pressure decreased" pressure! (patm)! DEMO VENTURI EFFECT Spray gun  force" high speed" low pressure" force"  force" Flow tubes Eq continuity high speed" low pressure" force" What happens when two ships or trucks pass alongside each other? Have you noticed this effect in driving across the Sydney Harbour Bridge?  artery" Flow speeds up at External forces are " constriction" Pressure is lower" unchanged" Internal force acting on artery wall is reduced" Artery can collapse" Arteriosclerosis and vascular flutter Bernoulli’s Equation Consider an element of fluid with uniform density. The change in energy of that element as it moves along a pipe must be zero - conservation of energy. This is the basis for Bernoulli’s equation. Continuity Volume passing from point c to d in time dt is dV = A2ds2 Volume passing from point a to b in time dt is dV = A1ds1 dV = A1ds1 = A2ds2 (Continuity) Derivation of Bernoulli's equation Consider conservation of energy Work done = kinetic energy + potential energy ∆W = ∆K + ∆U p1 Δx1 W = F1 Δx1 = p1 A1 Δx1 = p1 V K = 1 m v 1 2 = 1 ρ V v1 2 2 2 A1 m U = m g y 1 = ρ V g y1 v1 p 1 V = - 1 ρ V v1 2 - ρ V g y 1 2 y1 time 1 Rearranging p1 + 1 ρ v12 + ρ g y1 = constant 2 Applies only to an ideal fluid (zero viscosity)  Derivation of Bernoulli's equation Mass element m moves from (1) to (2) m = ρ A1 Δx1 = ρ A2 Δx2 = ρ ΔV where ΔV = A1 Δx1 - A2 Δx2 Equation of continuity A V = constant A1 v1 = A2 v2 A1 > A2 ⇒ v1 < v2 Since v1 < v2 the mass element has been accelerated by the net force F1 – F2 = p1 A1 – p2 A2 Conservation of energy A pressurized fluid must contain energy by the virtue that work must be done to establish the pressure. A fluid that undergoes a pressure change undergoes an energy change.  Change in kinetic energy ΔK = 1 m v22 - 1 m v12 = 1 ρ ΔV v22 - 1 ρ ΔV v12 2 2 2 2 Change in potential energy ΔU = m g y2 – m g y1 = ρ ΔV g y2 - ρ ΔV g y1 Work done Wnet = F1 Δx1 – F2 Δx2 = p1 A1 Δx1 – p2 A2 Δx2 Work done = change in kinetic + potential energy Wnet = p1 ΔV – p2 ΔV = ΔK + ΔU p1 ΔV – p2 ΔV = 1 ρ ΔV v22 - 1 ρ ΔV v12 + ρ ΔV g y2 - ρ ΔV g y1 2 2 Rearranging p1 + 1 ρ v12 + ρ g y1 = p2 + 1 ρ v22 + ρ g y2 2 2 Applies only to an ideal fluid (zero viscosity) Bernoulli’s Equation for any point along a flow tube or streamline p + 1 ρ v2 + ρ g y = constant 2 Between any two points along a flow tube or streamline p1 + 1 ρ v12 + ρ g y1 = p2 + 1 ρ v22 + ρ g y2 2 2 Dimensions p [Pa] = [N.m-2] = [N.m.m-3] = [J.m-3] 1 ρ v2 [kg.m-3.m2.s-2] = [kg.m-1.s-2] = [N.m.m-3] = [J.m-3] 2 ρgh [kg.m-3 m.s-2. m] = [kg.m.s-2.m.m-3] = [N.m.m-3] = [J.m-3] Each term has the dimensions of energy / volume or energy density. 1 ρ v2 KE of bulk motion of fluid 2 ρgh GPE for location of fluid p pressure energy density arising from internal forces within moving fluid (similar to energy stored in a spring)  Ideal fluid" Real fluid" With viscosity" In a real fluid the pressure decreases along the pipe. Viscous fluids have frictional forces which dissipate energy through heating.