Lecture 2 Biomolecules with Vevox and Discussion PDF

Biomolecules Module Lead Dr T Gaines Presented by Dr T Gaines  Learning Outcomes 1. Describe the water molecule and its properties 2. Demonstrate understanding of synthesis of biological macromolecules 3. Describe different classes of carbohydrates, their structure and function 4. De...

Biomolecules Module Lead Dr T Gaines Presented by Dr T Gaines  Learning Outcomes 1. Describe the water molecule and its properties 2. Demonstrate understanding of synthesis of biological macromolecules 3. Describe different classes of carbohydrates, their structure and function 4. Describe different classes of lipids, their structure and function 5. Describe the functions, chemical makeup, and structure of proteins 6. Describe the structure and function of DNA and the different kinds of RNA  Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Describe the water molecule and its properties Name the four major classes of biological macromolecules. Understand the synthesis of macromolecules. Describe dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions. Describe the chemical nature of monosaccharides and ways in which individual monosaccharides can differ from one another and name some common monosaccharides and disaccharides. Describe the chemical nature of polysaccharides and name some common polysaccharides and their functions Name the four major types of lipids. Recognize the basic structure of fatty acids, triglycerides, steroid, phospholipids and name some it functions.  Learning Objectives Contin. By the end of this section, you will be able to: Describe the functions proteins perform in the cell and in tissues and the relationship between amino acids and proteins, the structure of an amino acid. Understand the peptide bond. Identify the three components of nucleotide structure. Recognize how nucleotides and nucleic acids are related. Name the type of bond that holds nucleotides together & identify it in a nucleic acid structure.  1.Describe the water molecule and its properties How is water important in your life? WATER – ESSENTIAL TO LIFE Water makes up 60-70% of human body Most critical molecule for life on earth Why? 1. It is a polar molecule From: http://www.freefoto.com/preview/15-24-1/Stream-of- 2. It can form hydrogen running-water bonds  Element Electronegativity Oxygen 3.44 Hydrogen 2.20 Biology: how life works - James Morris 2016  Properties of Water Water has three states of matter: Solid Liquid Gas The three states of matter are due to the presence of Hydrogen Bonding intermolecular forces. Hydrogen bonds create a dense structure in water, Biology: how life works - James Morris 2016 and a highly ordered, less dense, crystalline structure in ice. Properties of Water  Properties of Water Why do containers of water, milk, soda, or other liquids sometimes burst when frozen? Ice is less dense than liquid water. As a result, when water freezes, it expands in volume and can burst closed containers, such as cans of soda or water pipes in houses. This property is unusual. For most substances, the solid phase is more dense than the liquid phase.  Resists temperature changes: It takes more heat to raise the temperature of water than it does to raise the temperature of most other liquids (high specific heat capacity). Properties of Motion: When water is heated, some of the energy Water added by heating is used to break hydrogen bonds instead of causing more motion among the molecules, so the temperature increases less than if there were no hydrogen bonding. Loses a lot of heat when it cools.  Properties of water Cohesion- water molecules sticking to one another Water molecules at the liquid-gas interface stick together due to hydrogen bonding E.g. As water evaporates from leaves, water is pulled upward COHESION ALLOWS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACE TENSION Surface Tension: capacity of a substance to withstand being ruptured when placed under tension or stress The weight of the needle is pulling the surface downward; at the same time, the surface tension is pushing it up, suspending it on the surface of the water and keeping it from sinking. Notice the indentation in the water around the needle. (credit: Cory Zanker)  WATER EXHIBITS UNIQUE PROPERTIES Adhesion – An attraction between water molecules and other molecules Water moves up tube because the molecules of water are attracted to the charged surface of the glass tube. There is attraction between the partial negative charge on the oxygen and the partial positive charge on the hydrogens in the water molecules and the opposing charges on the molecules within the glass. (credit: modification of work by Pearson-Scott Foresman, donated to the Wikimedia Foundation)  Properties of water: Good solvent “Like dissolves like” As water is a polar molecule, many ionic compounds (e.g. sodium chloride) and covalently bonded polar substances (e.g. glucose) will dissolve in it This allows chemical reactions to occur within cells (as the dissolved solutes are more chemically reactive when they are free to move about) Hydrophilic metabolites can be transported  Properties of water: pH Water is a neutral pH of 7.  Movement of Biomolecules: Diffusion Diffusion is the random movement of particles which results in a net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.  Movement of Biomolecules: Osmosis Osmosis is the random movement of water molecules with a net movement of water molecules from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration.  Which will 1. Concentrated orange diffuse juice in cold water more quickly? 2. Concentrated orange juice in warm water  2. Concentrated orange juice in warm water Which will diffuse There are three factors that affect how quickly particles more quickly? diffuse: Concentration Temperature Pressure  Summary- Water An excellent solvent – many substances can dissolve in water A relatively high specific heat capacity A relatively high latent heat of vaporisation Water is less dense when a solid Water has high surface tension and cohesion It acts as a reagent  Carbon: Life’s Chemical Oxygen (O) Backbone 30% Hydrogen(H) 9% Carbon (C) Nitrogen (N) 8% 47% Phosphorus (P) 3% Note: after the removal of water, the cell’s dry mass is Sulfur (S) represented in this graph Potassium (K) Others Calcium (Ca) 1% Sodium (Na) Chlorine (Cl) Magnesium (Mg) 2% CARBON IS AN ESSENTIAL ATOM OF LIFE Carbon – key component of macromolecules (proteins, carbohydrate, lipids and nucleic acids) Carbon is unique It can form covalent bonds with up to four different atoms This allows it to serve as the “backbone” for the macromolecules Each carbon has four electrons in the outer shell It forms four covalent bonds to “fill” the outer shell This allows it to achieve the “octet rule”  Carbon and Covalent Bonds Chemical formula Methane Ethene Hept-3-ene Structural formula  2.Demonstrate understanding of synthesis of biological macromolecules  Synthesis of Biomolecules The synthesis of macromolecules involves the formation of covalent bonds between subunits (monomers) through the removal of a water molecule (H, OH) These reactions are known as condensation reactions  Synthesis of Biomolecules Reactions that break down molecules by inserting a molecule of water are called hydrolysis reactions During a hydrolysis reaction, a molecule composed of multiple subunits is split in two: one of the new molecules gains a hydrogen atom, while the other gains a hydroxyl (-OH) group, both of which are donated by water. This is the reverse of a condensation reaction, and it releases a monomer that can be used in building a new polymer  Synthesis of Biomolecules In the body, enzymes catalyse (speed up), both the dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions. Enzymes involved in breaking bonds are often given names that end with -ase: for instance, the maltase enzyme breaks down maltose, lipases break down lipids, and peptidases break down proteins. As food travels through the digestive system from the moment it hits the saliva – it is being worked over by enzymes like these. The enzymes break down large biological molecules, releasing the smaller building blocks that can be readily absorbed and used by the human body.  3.Describe different classes of carbohydrates, their structure and function. Carbohydra tes Contain: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen They are symbolized by the formula (CH2O)n Functions: Carbohydrates are used primarily as an energy source (glucose and its polymers) in diverse organisms (prokaryotes and eukaryotes) Plants and arthropods also use carbohydrate polymers as structural elements  Carbohydrates Classification Classification Definition Diagram Monosaccharide These a single sugars and exist as different types depending on the number of carbon atoms and their structure. Disaccharide When 2 monosaccharides join in a condensation reaction. Polysaccharide A chain on monosaccharides.  The Two Forms of Glucose Glucose exists in two structurally different forms – alpha (α) glucose and beta (β) glucose and is therefore known as an isomer This structural variety results in different functions between carbohydrates Glycosidic Bonds Glycosidic bond  α glucose Polysacchari des Β glucose Glycogen Animals have this instead of starch. Chains of alpha-glucose formed by condensation reaction. Short chain, highly branched. Insoluble and compact. Function -main energy storage in animals  Chains of α-glucose (amylose + amylopectin) Starch linked by glycosidic bonds formed from condensation reaction Unbranched Amylose -long, unbranched chains of a-glucose. Coiled structure, held by hydrogen bonds. Compact - good for storage. Main energy storage in plants Cellulose Long, unbranched chains of beta-glucose formed by condensation reaction. Flip every other β-glucose molecule upside down so glycosidic bonds can form Structure - straight cellulose chains linked by hydrogen bonds to form microfibrils, which form fibres. Structural support + rigidity. Prevents influx of H20 4. Describe different classes of lipids, their structure and function  Lipids Groups: How lipids are used? Phospholipids Used by cells for energy storage, insulation, and protective Steroids coatings, such as in membranes Waxes Fats and oils  do not dissolve in water. Why? Lipids because their molecules are not attracted by water molecules. lipids are nonpolar molecules. All lipids are (at least partially) non-polar and hydrophobic Lipids Lipids: Triacylglycerol Glycerol Triacylglycerol Triacylglycerols are formed by the addition of three fatty acid chains to glycerol. Lipids: Triacylglycerol Lipids  Lipids Steroids are notable for having four fused carbon-containing rings in their structure Lipids  Protein After water, proteins are the most common constituents of cells Enzymes - catalysts that accelerate the rates of chemical reactions Structural -shape and movement. A central carbon atom (α carbon) covalently linked to four groups: Carboxyl (COOH) Amino (HN2) Hydrogen (H) R group (side chain) The Shape of a Protein Is Specified by Its Amino Acid Sequence The R group is what distinguishes one amino acid from another Proteins are also referred to as “polypeptides.” Polypeptide chain (protein) Peptide bond Amino Amino Amino Amino acid acid acid acid Prote in Prote in Prote in Function al Proteins  Proteins The function of a protein changes if its shape is changed Sickle-Cell Disease: A change in Primary Structure A slight change in primary structure can affect a protein’s structure and ability to function Sickle-cell disease, an inherited blood disorder, results from a single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin Sickle-Cell Disease: A change in Primary Structure Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids serve as information storage and transfer molecules and energy transducers as well Sugar in Nucleotides Nucleotide Bases  Phosphate group Bonds between Nucleotides Phosphodiester bond Deoxyribose sugar  Structure of DNA DNA is primarily used for information storage Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Base Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) pairs Sugar– phosphate backbone Hydrogen bond  Nucleic Acid RNA mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA are the three main types of RNA involved in protein synthesis. RNA serves as the primary genetic material for viruses. Other functions include RNA editing, gene regulation, and RNA interference. Join the Vevox session Go to vevox.app Enter the session ID: 102-184-224 Or scan the QR code ##/## Join at: vevox.app ID: 102-184-224 Question slide Each nucleotide is composed of __. carboxyl, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base 0% amino, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base 0% sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base 0% steroid, sugar, and a nitrogenous base 0% ##/## Join at: vevox.app ID: 102-184-224 Results slide Each nucleotide is composed of __. carboxyl, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base ##.##% amino, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base ##.##% sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base ##.##% steroid, sugar, and a nitrogenous base ##.##% ##/## Join at: vevox.app ID: 102-184-224 Question slide Ribose and deoxyribose are both __. hexoses but deoxyribose has one fewer oxygen 0% pentoses but ribose has one more oxygen 0% used in RNA 0% used in DNA 0% none of the choices is correct. 0% ##/## Join at: vevox.app ID: 102-184-224 Results slide Ribose and deoxyribose are both __. hexoses but deoxyribose has one fewer oxygen ##.##% pentoses but ribose has one more oxygen ##.##% used in RNA ##.##% used in DNA ##.##% none of the choices is correct. ##.##% ##/## Join at: vevox.app ID: 102-184-224 Question slide Helicase is an enzyme that separates the double helix of the DNA into two separate strands. How do you think helicase does this? by breaking hydrogen bonds 0% by breaking phosphodiester bonds 0% by breaking peptide bonds 0% by breaking ionic bonds 0% ##/## Join at: vevox.app ID: 102-184-224 Results slide Helicase is an enzyme that separates the double helix of the DNA into two separate strands. How do you think by breakinghelicase hydrogen bonds does this? ##.##% by breaking phosphodiester bonds ##.##% by breaking peptide bonds ##.##% by breaking ionic bonds ##.##% ##/## Join at: vevox.app ID: 102-184-224 Question slide You spill a little bit of olive oil on your hands. You wash off the oil with soap and water. How does the soap get the oil off your hands? The hydrophilic part of soap interacts with the oil and sequesters it. 0% The hydrophobic part of soap interacts with the oil and sequesters it. 0% The soap dissolves the oil. 0% The soap makes the water and oil interact in such a way that it dissolves the oil. 0% ##/## Join at: vevox.app ID: 102-184-224 Results slide You spill a little bit of olive oil on your hands. You wash off the oil with soap and water. How does the soap get the oil off your hands? The hydrophilic part of soap interacts with the oil and sequesters it. ##.##% The hydrophobic part of soap interacts with the oil and sequesters it. ##.##% The soap dissolves the oil. ##.##% The soap makes the water and oil interact in such a way that it dissolves the oil. ##.##% ##/## Join at: vevox.app ID: 102-184-224 Question slide The structural diversity of carbon-based molecules is determined by which of the following properties? The ability of carbon to form four covalent bonds 0% The ability of those bonds to rotate freely 0% The orientation of those bonds in the form of a tetrahedron 0% All of these choices are correct. 0% ##/## Join at: vevox.app ID: 102-184-224 Results slide The structural diversity of carbon-based molecules is determined by which of the following properties? The ability of carbon to form four covalent bonds ##.##% The ability of those bonds to rotate freely ##.##% The orientation of those bonds in the form of a tetrahedron ##.##% All of these choices are correct. ##.##%  _____ are Join ##/## the subunits at: vevox.app of nucleic Question slide ID: 102-184-224 acids, and _____ are the subunits of proteins. Nucleotides; amino acids 0% Bases; polypeptides 0% Polypeptides; sugars 0% Amino acids; nucleic bases 0% Nucleoli; amino acids 0%  _____ are Join ##/## the subunits at: vevox.app of nucleic Results slide ID: 102-184-224 acids, and _____ are the subunits of proteins. Nucleotides; amino acids ##.##% Bases; polypeptides ##.##% Polypeptides; sugars ##.##% Amino acids; nucleic bases ##.##% Nucleoli; amino acids ##.##% ##/## Join at: vevox.app ID: 102-184-224 Question slide Carbohydrates and proteins are two types of macromolecules. Which functional characteristic of proteins distinguishes them from carbohydrates? Tendency to make cell membranes hydrophobic 0% Efficient storage of usable chemical energy 0% Ability to catalyse biochemical reactions 0% Large amount of stored information 0% None of the other answer options is correct. 0% ##/## Join at: vevox.app ID: 102-184-224 Results slide Carbohydrates and proteins are two types of macromolecules. Which functional characteristic of proteins distinguishes them from carbohydrates? Tendency to make cell membranes hydrophobic ##.##% Efficient storage of usable chemical energy ##.##% Ability to catalyse biochemical reactions ##.##% Large amount of stored information ##.##% None of the other answer options is correct. ##.##%  Which of these is Not made up of ##/## Join at: vevox.app ID: 102-184-224 Question slide protein? Hair 0% Enzymes 0% Fingernails 0% Cellulose 0%  Which of these is Not made up of ##/## Join at: vevox.app ID: 102-184-224 Results slide protein? Hair ##.##% Enzymes ##.##% Fingernails ##.##% Cellulose ##.##% ##/## Join at: vevox.app ID: 102-184-224 Question slide Which of the following is Not a subunit of a nucleotide? Phosphate 0% Sugar 0% Nitrogenous base 0% Glycerol 0% ##/## Join at: vevox.app ID: 102-184-224 Results slide Which of the following is Not a subunit of a nucleotide? Phosphate ##.##% Sugar ##.##% Nitrogenous base ##.##% Glycerol ##.##% ##/## Join at: vevox.app ID: 102-184-224 Question slide Which one of the following types of fatty acids would be likely to have the LOWEST melting temperature? Long tails and low saturation 0% Long tails and high saturation 0% Short tails and low saturation 0% Short tails and high saturation 0% All fatty acids have the same melting temperature, regardless of tail length or level of saturation. 0% ##/## Join at: vevox.app ID: 102-184-224 Results slide Which one of the following types of fatty acids would be likely to have the LOWEST melting temperature? Long tails and low saturation ##.##% Long tails and high saturation ##.##% Short tails and low saturation ##.##% Short tails and high saturation ##.##% All fatty acids have the same melting temperature, regardless of tail length or level of saturation. ##.##%  Learning Outcomes 1. Describe the water molecule and its properties 2. Demonstrate understanding of synthesis of biological macromolecules 3. Describe different classes of carbohydrates, their structure and function 4. Describe different classes of lipids, their structure and function 5. Describe the functions, chemical makeup, and structure of proteins 6. Describe the structure and function of DNA and the different kinds of RNA  Home-work Discussion Which biomolecule is the most important and why?  Reading https://uclan.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/leganto/public/44UOCL_INST/citation/486562 0520003821?auth=SAML Chapter 2