Lecture 2_Anatomy PPT PDF

1 Agenda Housekeeping Blackboard How To’s Muscles and bones Clinical reference frames How to describe movement (universally) RPA 2: Anatomy Basics (finish most by end of class) Osteokinematics and Arthrokinematics Housekeeping  Pay attention and be responsible in class...

1 Agenda Housekeeping Blackboard How To’s Muscles and bones Clinical reference frames How to describe movement (universally) RPA 2: Anatomy Basics (finish most by end of class) Osteokinematics and Arthrokinematics Housekeeping  Pay attention and be responsible in class for...  lesson prep questions for next class, assignments to be completed, upcoming labs, upcoming tests, etc... (use your groups also)  Take Out : lecture slides, paper, pens, and RPA 2 will be accessed through blackboard Introduction to Anatomy Basics: The BIO of Biomechanics  4 Learning Objectives By the end of this lesson you should be able to: 1. Define: osteokinematics, arthrokinematics 2. Know the names and locations of select bones and muscles 3. Describe the clinical reference frame 4. Determine on which plane, and about which axis, different joint motions typically occur 5. List the six types of diarthroidal joints and the motions associated with each  5 Skeletal System Knowledge of the skeletal system is important for ALL movement analysts  6 Anatomy Basics: The Human Skeleton Mechanical functions of bone: Provides a supporting framework for the rest of the body Forms a system of rigid levers on which the muscles can pull, in order to stabilize and move the body – Muscles don't push... Protects certain organs Example: ribcage protecting heart and lung  7 Anatomy Basics: The Human Skeleton Consists of 206 bones by adulthood Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton Axial: bones of head and trunk Appendicular: bones that support the appendages (limbs)  8 Anatomical Position Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton  9 Clavicle  10 Scapula  11 Humerus  12 Ulna  13 Radius  14 Clavicle Scapula Humerus Ulna Radius  15 Phalanges Metacarpals Carpals Bones of the Hand 16  17 Ilium  18 Ischium  19 Pubis  20 Femur  21 Patella  22 Tibia  23 Fibula  2 4 Ilium Ischium Pubis Femur Patella Fibula Tibia  25 Tarsals Bones of the Foot  26 Metatarsals Tarsals Bones of the Foot  27 Phalanges Metatarsals Tarsals Bones of the Foot Extra Visual Aid:  29 Anatomy Basics: The Human Skeleton Mechanical functions of bone: Provides a supporting framework for the rest of the body Forms a system of rigid levers on which the muscles can pull, in order to stabilize and move the body Protects certain organs Example: ribcage protecting heart and lung Muscles Approximately 640 skeletal muscles in the human body Several groups: Head and neck Trunk Upper limbs Lower limbs  31 Main Locomotor Skeletal Muscles There are a limited number of muscles that do the bulk of the work in human movement, and which consume most of the metabolic energy in a day Most of these are large, surface muscles Anterior: Quadriceps - Quinticeps Vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, rectus femoris, tensor of vastus intermedius* Pectoralis major and minor Deltoids Biceps brachii What happens when Rectus abdominis anterior muscles contract?  32 Extra Visual Aid:  33 Main Locomotor Skeletal Muscles There are a limited number of muscles that do the bulk of the work in human movement, and which consume most of the metabolic energy in a day Most of these are large, surface muscles Posterior: Hamstrings Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus Triceps brachii Gluteus muscles Maximus, Medius, Minimus Latissimus dorsi Rhomboids What happens when Gastrocnemius and soleus posterior muscles contract?  34 Extra Visual Aid: Posterior 17-8-2 Extra Visual Aid: In Groups REVIEW TASKS 1 AND 2 Ensure proper spelling, location of muscles and bones  37 Anatomical Directional References  38 Reference Frames Global reference frame Frame of reference is fixed and established in relation to Earth y axis x axis z axis  39 Global Reference Frame How do we judge movement? Origin, Direction, Magnitude  40 Clinical Reference Frame Origin of clinical Anatomical Reference Position reference frame is centre of mass  41 Clinical Reference Frame Sagittal plane Divides medial/lateral Transverse plane Divides superior/inferior Frontal plane Divides anterior/posterior  42 Clinical Reference Frame When movement occurs in a plane, the direction of movement is parallel to the plane If the movement is a rotation, the rotation occurs about an axis perpendicular to that plane  43 Each plane has own axis of rotation… Sagittal plane Divides medial/lateral Axis of rotation: medial-lateral axis of rotation Transverse plane Divides superior/inferior Axis of rotation: superior-inferior axis of rotation Frontal plane Divides anterior/posterior Axis of rotation: anterior-posterior axis of rotation Elbow flexion? Pen/Paper Hip abduction? Example Trunk rotation? (everyone)  44 Kinematics Osteokinematics Motions of bones Arthrokinematics Motion at the joint surfaces  45 Osteokinematics of Synovial Joints Rotations of bones about an axis Quantified as range of motion (ROM) – Segment (absolute) angle Angle between the long axis of the bone (segment) and some reference line in the global reference frame – Joint (relative) angle Orientation of one bone (segment) relative to the orientation of another bone (segment) – Included angle- angle between the long axis of two bones – Anatomic angle- the angle a segment moved from the anatomical position  46 Joint Architecture  Joints (articulations) are connections between bones that may or may not permit movement Joints are classified functionally by the amount of movement they allow Synarthroses: immovable joints Example: bones in skull Amphiarthroses: slightly movable joints Example: ribs and sternum, pubic symphysis Diarthroses: freely movable joints* Example: synovial joints at the ends of long bones in the upper and lower limbs  47 Joint Architecture: Synovial Joints All synovial joints have six basic characteristics: 1.Joint capsule 2.Articular cartilage 3.A joint cavity filled with synovial fluid 4.A synovial membrane lining the joint capsule 5.Accessory structures – reinforcing ligaments 6.Sensory nerves and blood vessels https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GyphG4Z9h6c Extra resources: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DLxYDoN634c 17-8-2  49 Accessory Structures - Ligaments 17-8-2  5 1 Joint Architecture Classification of Synovial Joints:  Gliding  Hinge  Pivot  Condyloid  Saddle  Ball and socket Classification of Joints *DOF = degrees of freedom *AOR = axes of rotation Planar/Gliding 0 rotational DOF, no AOR Hinge 1 rotation DOF, 1 AOR (close to perpendicular of the long axis of the bones) Ankle, elbow Pivot 1 rotational DOF, 1 AOR (close to parallel to long axis of the bones) Proximal radioulnar joint Classification of Joints Condyloid 2 DOF, 2 AOR Convex surface in both directions located on same bone Knee – which way has more ROM and why... Saddle 2 DOF, 2 AOR One bone has convex surface in one direction and concave surface in other direction First carpometacarpal (thumb) Spherical (ball and socket) 3 DOF, 0 AOR (centre of rotation) Hip, shoulder  54 Osteokinematic Terms of Motion Flexion/extension Sagittal plane Medial-lateral axis Abduction/Adduction Frontal plane Anterior-poster axis Medial/Lateral Rotation Transverse plane Superior-inferior axis  5 5 Osteokinematic Terms of Motion  5 6 Special Movements at Synovial Joints 17-8-2 RPA 2: Anatomy basics Complete Tasks (Online Quiz Format) (all except final question where you choose activity)  59 For next class Topic: Linear Kinematics in One Dimension Position, displacement, velocity, acceleration Read Lesson 2 and 3 Prepare: Lesson 2 Review Questions 2-6 (pg. 38) Finish Final Skill Task for RPA 2 (and submit on blackboard before beginning of next class)