Skeletal System Function Quiz

Agenda

• Housekeeping
• Blackboard How To's
• Muscles and bones
• Clinical reference frames
• How to describe movement (universally)
• RPA 2: Anatomy Basics (finish most by end of class)
• Osteokinematics and Arthrokinematics

Housekeeping

• Pay attention and be responsible in class for:
  • Lesson prep questions
  • Assignments
  • Upcoming labs
  • Upcoming tests
  • Use your groups
• Take Out:
  • Lecture slides
  • Paper
  • Pens
  • RPA 2

Introduction to Anatomy Basics

• The BIO of Biomechanics

Learning Objectives

• Define osteokinematics, arthrokinematics
• Know the names and locations of select bones and muscles
• Describe the clinical reference frame
• Determine on which plane, and about which axis, different joint motions typically occur
• List the six types of diarthroidal joints and the motions associated with each

Skeletal System

• Knowledge of the skeletal system is crucial for all movement analysis

Anatomy Basics: The Human Skeleton

• Mechanical functions of bone:
  • Provides a supporting framework for the body
  • Forms a system of rigid levers that muscles can pull on to stabilize and move the body
  • Protects certain organs (e.g., ribcage protects heart and lungs)
• Consists of 206 bones by adulthood
• Axial and appendicular skeletons
• Axial: bones of the head and trunk
• Appendicular: bones that support the appendages (limbs)

Anatomical Position

• Bones of the appendicular skeleton are diagrammed

Bone List (and Diagrams)

• Clavicle
• Scapula
• Humerus
• Ulna
• Radius
• Phalanges
• Metacarpals
• Carpals
• Ilium
• Ischium
• Pubis
• Femur
• Patella
• Tibia
• Fibula
• Tarsals
• Bones of the foot
• Diagrams of each bone.

Muscles

• Approximately 640 skeletal muscles in the human body
• Several groups:
  • Head and neck
  • Trunk
  • Upper limbs
  • Lower limbs

Main Locomotor Skeletal Muscles

• Anterior:
  • Quadriceps - Quinticeps
    • Vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, rectus femoris, tensor of vastus intermedius*
  • Pectoralis major and minor
  • Deltoids
  • Biceps brachii
  • Rectus abdominis
• Posterior:
  • Hamstrings (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus)
  • Triceps brachii
  • Gluteus muscles (maximus, medius, minimus)
  • Latissimus dorsi
  • Rhomboids
  • Gastrocnemius and soleus

Extra Visual Aid (Diagrams)

• Major anterior muscles
• Major posterior muscles

RPA 2: Anatomy basics

• Complete Tasks (Online Quiz Format) (all except final question, choose activity)

For next class

• Linear Kinematics in One Dimension
• Position, displacement, velocity, acceleration
• Read Lessons 2 & 3
• Prepare: Lesson 2 Review Questions 2-6
• Final Skill Task for RPA 2

Kinematics

• Osteokinematics: Motions of bones
• Arthrokinematics: Motion at the joint surfaces

Osteokinematics of Synovial Joints

• Rotations of bones around an axis
• Quantified as range of motion (ROM)
• Segment (absolute) angle
• Angle between the long axis of the bone and some reference line in the global reference frame
• Joint (relative) angle
• Orientation of one bone to another
• Included angle
• Anatomic angle

Joint Architecture

• Joints (articulations) are connections between bones
  • May or may not permit movement
• Joints are classified functionally by the amount of movement they allow:
  • Synarthroses: immovable joints (e.g., bones in the skull)
  • Amphiarthroses: slightly movable joints (e.g., ribs and sternum, pubic symphysis)
  • Diarthroses: freely movable joints (e.g., synovial joints at the ends of long bones)

Joint Architecture: Synovial Joints

• All synovial joints have six basic characteristics:
  • Joint capsule
  • Articular cartilage
  • A joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
  • A synovial membrane lining the joint capsule
  • Accessory structures - reinforcing ligaments
  • Sensory nerves and blood vessels

Accessory Structures - Ligaments (Diagrammed)

Types of Synovial Joints

• Diagrams of the different types
  • Pivot
  • Hinge
  • Condyloid
  • Saddle
  • Ball and socket

Classification of Joints

• Planar/Gliding: 0 rotational DOF, no AOR
• Hinge: 1 rotational DOF, 1 AOR (close to perpendicular of the long axis of the bones)
• Pivot: 1 rotational DOF, 1 AOR (close to parallel to long axis of the bones)
• Condyloid: 2 DOF, 2 AOR
• Saddle: 2 DOF, 2 AOR
• Spherical (ball and socket): 3 DOF, 0 AOR

Osteokinematic Terms of Motion

• Diagrams showing the different types of motion:
  • Flexion/extension
  • Abduction/adduction
  • Medial/lateral rotation
  • Circumduction
• Special movements (e.g., inversion, eversion, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, opposition, supination, pronation)

Special Movements at Synovial Joints (Diagrams)

Test your knowledge on the mechanical functions of bones and the different types of joints in the skeletal system. This quiz covers major concepts such as diarthroidal joints, range of movement, and accessory structures in synovial joints. Challenge yourself and see how well you understand skeletal mechanics!