Lecture 2 - 10 Sept 2024 SB-2404 PDF

SB-2404 Current Trends in Life Sciences Nanotechnology in Life Sciences Lecture 2 Professor Mohammad Mansoob Khan Chemical Sciences Faculty of Science Universiti Brunei Darussalam 1...

SB-2404 Current Trends in Life Sciences Nanotechnology in Life Sciences Lecture 2 Professor Mohammad Mansoob Khan Chemical Sciences Faculty of Science Universiti Brunei Darussalam 1 SB-2404 MMK  Content 1. Introduction to Nanotechnology 2. Nanotechnology in our everyday life 3. Nanotechnology in biology 4. Nanotechnology in food 5. Nanotechnology in the environment 6. Nanotechnology in medical and health 7. Nanotoxicology 8. Future of nanotechnology 9. Summary 2 SB-2404 MMK  3. Nanotechnology in biology Nanotechnology in biology, also known as nanobiotechnology, is the study of nanometer-scale matter and its application to life sciences. 3 SB-2404 MMK 3. Nanotechnology in biology NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY Nanobiotechnology: Refers to the intersection of nanotechnology and biology. Concepts that are enhanced through nanobiology include nanodevices, nanoparticles, etc. This technical approach to biology allows scientists to create systems that can be used for biological research. Nanotechnology has numerous applications in a wide variety of disciplines. Targeted drug delivery, diagnosis of diseases, bioimaging, nanomedicines, nanoarrays, and gene therapy. 4 SB-2404 MMK  3. Nanotechnology in biology What we should know and what are the possibilities? Interaction between biological and non-biological devices – Interactions with biological as well as non-biological substrates – Toxicity – How does nature make use of adhesive and anti-adhesive interactions? Screening methods in biology – Bio-Chips – Lab-on-a-chip Nanotechnologically modified biomaterials – Nano aspects of biological systems – Nanotechnological tools to improve biomaterials Nanoparticles as therapeutic drug carriers and diagnostics – Drug, oligonucleotide, imaging agents Nanodevices in medicine, pharmacy, and biology 5 SB-2404 MMK  3. Nanotechnology in biology 6 SB-2404 MMK  3. Nanotechnology in biology 7 SB-2404 MMK  3. Nanotechnology in biology 8 SB-2404 MMK 9 3. Nanotechnology in biology SB-2404 MMK 10 3. Nanotechnology in biology SB-2404 MMK 11 3. Nanotechnology in biology SB-2404 MMK  4. Nanotechnology in food 12 SB-2404 MMK 4. Nanotechnology in food Nanotechnology in food Industry 13 SB-2404 MMK  4. Nanotechnology in food 14 SB-2404 MMK  4. Nanotechnology in food Nano-Nutrition Nanoparticles that are used as nanomedicine can also be used as nano-nutrition. If that weren’t amazing enough, the nanoparticles are injected as a liquid. They restore these nerve functions of the body and then break them down into nutrients in the body within three to eight weeks. So they are biodegradable, too. In short, nanoparticles that are used as nanomedicine can also be used as nano- nutrition after they break down into nutrients in the body within three to eight weeks. 15 SB-2404 MMK  4. Nanotechnology in food Nanotechnology can be used to enhance food flavor and texture, reduce fat content, or encapsulate nutrients, such as vitamins, to ensure they do not degrade during a product's shelf life. Applications of nanotechnology have emerged with the increasing need for nanoparticle uses in various fields of food science and food microbiology, including food processing, food packaging, functional food development, food safety, detection of foodborne pathogens, and shelf-life extension of food and/or food products. 16 SB-2404 MMK  4. Nanotechnology in food Food nanotechnology is an area of emerging interest and opens a whole universe of new possibilities for the food industry. The basic categories of nanotechnology applications and functionalities currently in the development of food packaging include the improvement of plastic materials barriers, the incorporation of active components that can deliver functional attributes beyond those of conventional active packaging, and the sensing and signaling of relevant information. Nano-food packaging materials may extend food life, improve food safety, alert consumers that food is contaminated or spoiled, repair tears in packaging, and even release preservatives to extend the life of the food in the package. Nanotechnology applications in the food industry can be utilized to detect bacteria in packaging or produce stronger flavors, color quality, and safety by increasing the barrier properties. Nanotechnology holds great promise to provide benefits not just within food products but also around food products. 17 SB-2404 MMK  4. Nanotechnology in food 18 SB-2404 MMK  4. Nanotechnology in food 19 SB-2404 MMK  4. Nanotechnology in food Food Storage and Nanoscience Maybe you already have one of these new storage devices that use nanotechnology to keep food fresher (and safer) longer. 20 SB-2404 MMK  5. Nanotechnology in environment Environmental Nanotechnology Nanotechnology is being used in several applications to improve the environment. This includes: cleaning up existing pollution, improving manufacturing methods to reduce the generation of new pollution, and making alternative energy sources more cost-effective. Nanotechnology has the potential to substantially benefit environmental quality and sustainability through: Pollution prevention Treatment Remediation Information 21 SB-2404 MMK  5. Nanotechnology in environment The Application of Nanotechnology to Environmental Issues In trying to help our ailing environment, nanotechnology researchers and developers are pursuing the following avenues: Generating less pollution during the manufacture of materials: The use of silver nanoclusters as catalysts can significantly reduce the polluting byproducts generated in the process used to manufacture propylene oxide. Propylene oxide is used to produce common materials such as plastics, paint, detergents, and brake fluid. Producing solar cells that generate electricity at a competitive cost: An array of silicon nanowires embedded in a polymer results in low-cost but high- efficiency solar cells. This, or other efforts using nanotechnology to improve solar cells, may result in solar cells that generate electricity as cost-effectively as coal or oil. 22 SB-2404 MMK  5. Nanotechnology in environment Increasing the electricity generated by windmills: Epoxy-containing carbon nanotubes are being used to make windmill blades. The resulting blades are stronger and lightweight. Therefore, the amount of electricity generated by each windmill is greater. Cleaning up organic chemicals polluting groundwater: Iron nanoparticles can be effective in cleaning up organic solvents that are polluting groundwater. The iron nanoparticles disperse throughout the body of water and decompose the organic solvent in place. This method can be more effective and costs significantly less than treatment methods that require the water to be pumped out of the ground. Cleaning up oil spills: Using photocatalytic copper tungsten oxide nanoparticles to break down oil into biodegradable compounds. The nanoparticles are in a grid that provides a high surface area for the reaction, is activated by sunlight, and can work in water, making them useful for cleaning up oil spills. 23 SB-2404 MMK  5. Nanotechnology in environment Clearing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the air: A catalyst that breaks down Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) at room temperature. The catalyst is composed of porous manganese oxide in which gold nanoparticles have been embedded. Reducing the cost of fuel cells: Changing the spacing of platinum atoms used in a fuel cell increases the catalytic ability of the platinum. This allows the fuel cell to function with about 80% less platinum, significantly reducing the cost of the fuel cell. Storing hydrogen for fuel cell powered cars: Using graphene layers to increase the binding energy of hydrogen to the graphene surface in a fuel tank results in a higher amount of hydrogen storage and a lighter-weight fuel tank. This could help in the development of practical hydrogen-fueled cars. 24 SB-2404 MMK  5. Nanotechnology in environment Nanotechnology for pollution prevention Synthetic or manufacturing processes which can takes place at ambient temperature and pressure. Use of non-toxic catalysts with minimal production of resultant pollutants. Use of aqueous-based reactions. Build molecules as needed --“just in time.” Nanoscale information technologies for product identification and tracking to manage recycling, remanufacture, and end-of-life disposal of solvents. Involved in making a manufacturing process environmentally benign. An environmentally benign material or manufactured product that replaces toxic substances or minimizes raw materials. 25 SB-2404 MMK  5. Nanotechnology in environment Treatment & Remediation: End-of-pipe management and cleanup of pollution. 26 SB-2404 MMK  5. Nanotechnology in environment Two Scenarios for coping with the new revolution Slow Learning/Adaptation Environmental impacts are an unintended consequence of technology development and deployment, Regulation must be applied to reduce impacts. Fast Learning/Shaping Environment is co-optimized as a part of technology development and deployment or is the primary goal. 27 SB-2404 MMK  5. Nanotechnology in environment Use nanotechnology to: help and clean up past environmental damage correct present environmental problems prevent future environmental impacts help sustain the planet for future generations 28 SB-2404 MMK  5. Nanotechnology in environment Applications Sensors: Improved monitoring and detection capabilities, better controls. Information for Environmental Protection/Risk Management: More efficient use of materials, more data on wastes. Real-time, accurate sensing of many compounds simultaneously at extremely low concentrations frequently in hostile environments. Treatment: Cleaning up waste streams of contaminants, particularly those substances that are highly toxic, persistent within the environment, or difficult to treat. Promise for cost-effective, specific, and rapid solutions for treatment of contaminants Remediation: Cleanup of contaminated sites with problems brought about by prior technologies and past practices. 29 SB-2404 MMK  5. Nanotechnology in environment Applications Green Manufacturing: Atom-by-atom construction--Less material to dispose off. Atom-by-atom synthesis of nanomaterials which eliminates or reduces the formation of waste products. Two aspects: using nanotechnology itself to eliminate the generation of waste products and streams by designing pollution prevention at the source. manufacturing nanomaterials themselves in a benign manner. Both aspects involve the use of environmentally friendly starting materials and solvents (H2O), improved catalysts, and significantly reduced energy consumption in the manufacturing process. Dematerialization- less “stuff” to begin with Green Energy: Nano products such as Solar and fuel cells could lead to commercially viable alternative clean energy sources. Energy savings via light weight composites, embedded systems. 30 SB-2404 MMK  5. Nanotechnology in environment Implications Implications: Nano-Geochemistry Knowledge of the formation of atmospheric aerosols, and the movement of natural nanoparticles in air and soil can help inform the solutions to man-made problems. Implications: Toxicity Essential to risk analysis for ecosystem and human health. Implications: Fate, Transport, Transformation Determine exposure routes for both natural organisms in a variety of ecosystems and for humans in the environment. Implications: Exposure, Bioavailability, Bioaccumulation Also essential to risk analysis. Implications: Industrial Ecology Aspects Determine where in its lifecycle a nanomaterial may cause an impact on the environment, and examine materials flow changes and environmental effects. 31 SB-2404 MMK  5. Nanotechnology in environment Cleaner Air with Nanoscience Imagine an air filtering system that is activated by light. Nanoparticles inside the device will destroy airborne germs and pollutants. 32 SB-2404 MMK  5. Nanotechnology in environment Nanofilter Masks Nanoscience can improve the filtration capabilities of masks because of the large amount of surface area of the nanoparticles. They are more efficient and last for a long time. 33 SB-2404 MMK  Summary 1. Discussed nanotechnology in biology 2. Discussed nanotechnology in food 3. Discussed nanotechnology in the environment 34 SB-2404 MMK  Thank you for your attention! Questions 35 SB-2404 MMK