Lecture 1 - 3 Sept 2024 (1).pdf

SB-2404 Current Trends in Life Sciences Nanotechnology in Life Sciences Lecture 1 Professor Mohammad Mansoob Khan Chemical Sciences Faculty of Science Universiti Brunei Darussalam 1...

SB-2404 Current Trends in Life Sciences Nanotechnology in Life Sciences Lecture 1 Professor Mohammad Mansoob Khan Chemical Sciences Faculty of Science Universiti Brunei Darussalam 1 SB-2404 MMK  Content 1. Introduction to Nanotechnology 2. Nanotechnology in our everyday life 3. Nanotechnology in biology 4. Nanotechnology in food 5. Nanotechnology in the environment 6. Nanotechnology in medical and health 7. Nanotoxicology 8. Future of nanotechnology 9. Summary 2 SB-2404 MMK  Introduction Nanotechnology: It is the manipulation of matter on a near-atomic scale to produce new structures, materials, and devices. 3 SB-2404 MMK  Introduction Is nanotechnology a gateway to the future for human beings on Earth? Yow! Nanotechnology Language Nanobio Nanodots Nanowires Nanoelectronics Nanobots Nanomaterials Nanochondria Where does your imagination take you? Searching for nanotechnology. 4 SB-2404 MMK  Introduction Brief History The concepts of nanotechnology are not new to nature or to mankind. A few early examples of manmade nano processes are stained glass and gold NPs. Stained glass windows. Picture of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). 5 SB-2404 MMK  Introduction Brief History 500 – 1400 – Stained Glass 800 - 1600 – Nanoparticles in pottery 1200 - 1700 – Damascus Steel swords ~1910 – Particle sizes described in “nanometers” 1959 – Feynman’s speech: “The principles of physics, as far as I can see, do not speak against the possibility of maneuvering things atom by atom” 1970 – “Nanotechnology” coined (Taniguchi) 1981 – First atoms seen (Binnig and Rohrer, STM) 1986 – Engines of Creation, the coming age of nanotechnology by Richard Drexler “Nanotechnology is the principle of atom manipulation atom by atom, through control of the structure of matter at the molecular level. It entails the ability to build molecular systems with atom-by-atom precision, yielding a variety of nanomachines” 6 SB-2404 MMK  Nanotechnology Nanotechnology is the manipulation of matter at a scale of 1 to 100 nanometers. Using nanotechnology we can control molecules at an atomic level and create materials with unique properties. A nanometer is 10-9 (a billionth) of a meter. The prefix nano is Greek for a dwarf. As a reference point, a hair is approximately 100,000 nanometers. A red blood cell is approximately 10,000 nanometers. Why is nanotechnology so important? Fundamentally the properties of materials can be changed by nanotechnology. We can arrange molecules in a way that they do not normally occur in nature. The material strength, electronic, and optical properties of materials can be altered using nanotechnology. 7 SB-2404 MMK  Nanotechnology Nanotechnology: The art and science of manipulating and rearranging individual atoms and molecules to create useful materials, devices, and systems. Nanotechnology, in simple terms, means the study and exploitation of tiny objects, whose dimensions are just a few molecules and atoms. In strictly scientific terms, nanotechnology concerns physical dimensions ranging from 1-100 nm (1 nm = 10-9 m = 10 atoms wide) down to 1 nm. Nanotechnology is the applied science dealing with the production and using materials and particles, whose origin is to be targeted at the manipulation of individual atoms or relatively small groups of atoms. 8 SB-2404 MMK  Introduction Nanomaterials 1. Natural: Volcanoes, forest fire, ocean spray, viruses, and biomolecules 2. Incidental: Combustion engines, incinerators, jet engines, welding fumes 3. Engineered: Nanotubes, spheres, and wires, metal oxides, polymers, etc. Not all nanoparticles are the same! Unique physicochemical properties of nanoparticles produce unique bioactivity Understanding the relationship between nanoparticle properties & bioactivity is important for predicting relative pathogenicity. Physicochemical properties:  Particle Size  Particle Shape  Oxidant Generation Capacity  Surface Functionalization  Rate of Dissolution 9 SB-2404 MMK  Why “Nano” is interesting? Particles are small High surface-to-volume ratio React differently Act differently (new properties) Interact with light differently Are on the scale of small biological structures Quantum Mechanics meet Classical Mechanics Interesting “new” structures Interesting materials with nanoparticles embedded 10 SB-2404 MMK  Surface Area and Energy Surface energy increases with the surface area Large surface energy = instability Driven to grow to reduce the surface energy Surface atoms (%) Surface area vs particle size diameter (nm) C. Nutzenadel et al., Eur. Phys. J. D. 8, 245 (2000). 11 SB-2404 MMK  Physical Structure → Physical Property What are the structural differences on the nanoscale? A high percentage of surface atoms Spatial confinement Reduced imperfections What properties are affected? What properties can we tune? Melting point (K) Melting Points Lower melting point for nanostructures