Lecture 13 Analysis of Qualitative data analysis (1).pptx

QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS * BITS Pilani Goa Campus 1 Outline ⚫ 1. Major approaches in research ⚫ 2. Why qualitative research methodology? ⚫ 3. History of qualitative research methodology ⚫ 4.Methods under qualitative research methodology ⚫ 5. What is qualitative data analysis? ⚫ 6. Specif...

QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS * BITS Pilani Goa Campus 1 Outline ⚫ 1. Major approaches in research ⚫ 2. Why qualitative research methodology? ⚫ 3. History of qualitative research methodology ⚫ 4.Methods under qualitative research methodology ⚫ 5. What is qualitative data analysis? ⚫ 6. Specific techniques of qualitative data analysis ⚫ 7. Checking validity and reliability ⚫ 8. Ethical concern Major approaches in research 1.Inductive approach 2.Deductive approach * BITS Pilani Goa Campus 3 Why qualitative research methodology? ⚫ Qualitative research presents a non-quantitative analysis or is concerned with a qualitative phenomena. ⚫ Qualitative research is important to discover the underlying motives of human behaviour. ⚫ We can distinguish the quantitative and qualitative research methodology in terms of their technical and epistemological levels. * ⚫ In terms of the technical level, both types offer you a choice to select either or both as per their relevance for your research. At the technical level, there is not much of a dichotomy between the two types. BITS Pilani Goa Campus 4 History of qualitative research methodology • The classical qualitative research method has been derived by the work of Bronislaw Malinowski (1922a) • Prior to Malinowski’s work, missionaries, colonial administrators, and travellers also followed the similar type of method • Malinowski emphasis on understanding the "native point of view" • He laid the foundation of the method of participant observation for anthropological fieldwork. • Fieldwork thus emerged as a "scientific method" for collecting primary information from people. • In the early 20th century sociologists at Chicago University started working through a method called as the "case study method". Methods under qualitative research methodology:a) Phenomenological method – – The method examines human experiences through the descriptions provided by the people involved. These experiences are called lived experiences. The main goal is to describe the meaning that experiences hold for each subject. b) Ethnographic method – It is the extended observation of the social perspective and cultural values of an entire social setting. – Ethnography is the ‘systematic process of observing, detailing, describing, documenting, and analyzing the lifeways or particular patterns of a culture (or subculture) in order to grasp the lifeways or patterns of the people in their familiar environment’ (Leininger, 1985). – Ethnographies involve objective observation of an entire community. Methods under qualitative research methodology:• • • Ethnographic studies involve the collection and analysis of data about cultural groups. Ethnographer tries to show how actions in one world make sense from the point of view of another world. Ethnography means “learning from people” (Cameron, 1990). c) Grounded theory method • • • The method developed by Glaser and Strauss (1967) The method helps to collect data and analyze them and then a theory is developed The grounded theory method uses both an inductive and a deductive approach to theory development. Methods under qualitative research methodology:c) Historical method – – Historical studies concern the identification, location, evaluation, and synthesis of data from the past. Historical research seeks not only to discover the events of the past but to relate these past happenings to the present and to the future. d) Case study method – – – – Case studies are in-depth examinations of people or groups of people Applied when a researcher wants to study one specific person or event It is an in-depth analysis of a single event, situation, or individual A case study may be considered as quantitative or qualitative research depending on the purpose of the study and the design chosen by the researcher Methods under qualitative research methodology e) Action research f) Life Histories g) Oral History What is Qualitative Data Analysis? • Generally uses non numerical data • Used in humanities and social science research • Mostly used for explaining, understanding and interpreting 10 General approaches to qualitative data analysis 1. Summarizing (condensation) of meaning 2. Categorization (grouping) of meaning 3. Structuring (ordering) of meaning * BITS Pilani Goa Campus 11 Specific techniques of qualitative data analysis 1. Content analysis 2. Narrative analysis 3. Grounded theory * BITS Pilani Goa Campus 12 Content analysis ⚫Helps to analyze the actual content ⚫Present the content in objective or quantitative manner ⚫Two major aspects: 1.Description of the data 2.Interpretation of the data * BITS Pilani Goa Campus Coding is any technique for making inferences by identifying special characteristics of messages (written or oral) 13 Narrative Analysis ⚫Study of experiences ⚫It reformulates the stories of individuals based on their experiences * BITS Pilani Goa Campus Source: http://edrm600narrativedesign.weebly.com/steps.h 14 tml GROUNDED THEORY 15 Checking validity and reliability in qualitative methods? • Field Research as a Validity Check • Triangulation • Methodological triangulation refers to the way we use different methods in the research process • Theoretical triangulation is the way we use various theoretical perspectives in our research. Ethical Concerns – Social scientists conduct studies to shed light on human behaviours. – Knowledge is a powerful tool that can be used toward positive change. – Social scientist’s goal is often simply to uncover knowledge rather than to spur action, many people use social studies to help improve people’s lives. – In that sense, conducting a social study comes with a tremendous amount of responsibility. – Like any researchers, Social scientists must consider their ethical obligation to avoid harming subjects or groups while conducting their research.