Lecture 11 – Anatomy Terminology and Body Plan PDF

Lecture 11 – Anatomy- Terminology and the Body Plan- Bones & Muscles Prepared by: Ass Prof. Eman Ramadan Presented by: Dr. Ienass Bahaa  Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy: scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structure.  Topics of Anatomy Gross...

Lecture 11 – Anatomy- Terminology and the Body Plan- Bones & Muscles Prepared by: Ass Prof. Eman Ramadan Presented by: Dr. Ienass Bahaa  Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy: scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structure.  Topics of Anatomy Gross or macroscopic: structures examined without a microscope – Regional: studied area by area. – Systemic: studied system by system. – Surface: external form and relation to deeper structures as x-ray in anatomic imaging.  Terminology and the Body Plan Anatomical Position – Standard Anatomical position: Specific body orientation used when describing an individual's anatomy. – Body erect, face forward, feet together, palms face forward Other Body Positions – Supine: lying face upward – Prone: lying face downward Directional Terms – Superior (Cephalic) vs. Inferior (Caudal) toward or away from the head e.g.. The hand is part of the superior extremity and the foot is part of the inferior extremity.  Terminology and the Body Plan – Medial vs. Lateral relative to the midline. e.g.:The big toe is located at the medial side of the foot. and the little toe is located at the lateral side of the foot. – Proximal vs. Distal is always used to indicate the part that is situated closest or far to the point of attachment. – E.g.: hand muscles are distal, while arm muscles are proximal. – Superficial vs. Deep relative to the surface of the body. – E.g.:The skin is superficial to the muscles. 1-5  Terminology and the Body Plan – Anterior (Ventral) vs. Posterior (Dorsal). Anterior is forward; posterior is toward the back.  TERMS OF MOVEMENTS 1- Flexion: Approximation of two ventral aspects (bending). 2- Extension: Straightening; the two ventral surfaces move away from each other. 3- Abduction: Movement of the limb away from the middle line. 4. Adduction: Movement of the limb towards the middle line. 1-7  TERMS OF MOVEMENTS 5- Rotation: Medial or lateral rotation of the limb around a vertical axis. 6- Pronation/Supination: refer to unique rotation of the forearm – Pronation: palm faces posteriorly – Supination: palm faces anteriorly 7- Circumduction :Combination of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction Pronation Supination  TERMS OF MOVEMENTS 9- Inversion: The sole of foot is directed inwards. 10- Eversion: The sole of foot is directed outwards. 11- Opposition: The thumb is opposing (come in contact) the other 4 fingers. Eversion Inversion Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Opposition  Body Positions Anatomical Supine position Prone Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Superior Inferior (cephalic) (caudal) Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Proximal Distal Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Medial Lateral Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Superficial Deep Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Anterior Posterior (ventral) (dorsal) Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Abdominal Subdivisions 1-16  Nine Abdominal Regions Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Rt. Epigastric Lt. Hypochondriac Hypochondriac Rt. Lumbar Umbilical Lt. Lumbar Rt. Iliac Hypogastric Lt. Iliac  Planes Median: Through the midline. Sagittal: Same plane, but to the left or right of median. Frontal or Coronal: Divides body into anterior and posterior sections. Transverse / Cross: Divides body into superior and inferior sections.  Planes Through an Organ Longitudinal: Cut along the length of an organ. Transverse/Cross: Cut at right angle to length of the organ. Oblique: cut at any but not at a right angle.  Median (Midsagittal) Plane Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Transverse (Horizontal) Plane Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Frontal (Coronal) Plane Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Oblique Plane Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Body Cavities The Diaphragm divides body cavity into: Thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavities. N.B: Mediastinum: contains all structures of the thoracic cavity except the lungs  Body Cavities Thoracic Cavity Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or Abdominopelvic Cavity distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Diaphragm Mediastinum Abdominal Cavity Pelvic Cavity  Serous Membranes Cover the organs of trunk cavities and line the cavity Fist represents an organ. Inner balloon wall represents visceral serous membrane Outer balloon wall represents parietal serous membrane Cavity between two membranes filled with lubricating serous fluid that is produced by the membranes Inflammation of the serous membranes can occur. 1-26  Serous Membrane Names – The serous membrane (or serosa) is a smooth tissue double membrane lining the contents and inner walls of body cavities, which secrete serous fluid to allow lubricated sliding movements between opposing surfaces. – Pericardium refers to heart. – Pleura refers to lungs and thoracic cavity – Peritoneum refers to abdominopelvic cavity.  Pericardial Membranes Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Visceral Parietal pericardium pericardium Pericardial cavity  Pleural Membranes Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Visceral pleura Parietal pleura Pleural cavities Bone 1-30  BONES Functions of Skeleton - Provides framework. - Provides levers upon which muscles act to move the body. - Protection of organs. - Mineral storage. - Hemopoiesis (synthesis of red blood cells) - Energy storage. Components – Bones – Cartilage – Ligaments – Tendons  Classification of bones According to position: 1. Axial : – Skull – Hyoid bone – Vertebral column – Thoracic (rib) cage 2. Appendicular: - Shoulder girdle. - Upper limb. - Pelvic girdle. - Lower limb. 1-32 1-33  Classification of bones: I. According to their shape: [A] Long bones: (appendicular skeleton). Each long bone consists of two expanded ends called epiphysis and a tube of compact bone (shaft) in between called diaphysis. The epiphysis is used for articulation (joint formation). The diaphysis: a tube of compact bone contains bone marrow in the medullary canal covered by periosteum The epiphyseal plate of cartilage is responsible for the increase in bone length. 1-34  Classification of bones: [B] Short Bones: e.g. carpal bones (in hand) and tarsal bones (in foot). [C] Flat Bones: e.g. bones forming roof of skull, scapula and ribs. Functions: 1.Protection. 2. Muscular attachment. [D] Pneumatic Bones: They are bones containing air. E.g: in parts of skull bones where an air-filled space is formed called air sinus. air sinuses are called paranasal sinuses, e.g. maxillary and frontal sinuses. Functions: 1.They decrease the weight of skull. 2.Resonance of voice. 1-35  Classification of bones: [E] Irregular Bones: Bones of irregular shape with projecting processes e.g. vertebrae. Function: (protection of spinal cord). [F] Sesamoid Bones: Small nodules of bones which are embedded in some muscle tendons near their origin or insertion. Function: They diminish friction between tendons and underlying bones/ e.g. Patella. 1-36  Superior View of the Skull Functions – Protects brain Frontal bone – Supports organs of special senses Coronal suture Parietal bones Superior view of skull Inferior temporal line Superior temporal line – Parietal bones – Frontal bone Sagittal suture Parietal eminence Zygomatic arch Superior view Occipital bone 7-37  Posterior View of Skull Parietal and occipital bones are major Sagittal suture structures Parietal bones Lambdoid suture Occipital bone External occipital protuberance Temporal bone Superior nuchal line Occipitomastoid suture Inferior nuchal line Mastoid process Occipital condyle Zygomatic arch Posterior view  Lateral View of Skull Parietal bones and temporal bone form most of side of skull Zygomatic bones Maxilla Mandible. Articulates with the temporal bone 1-39 Landmarks on the Face Frontal bone Supraorbital margin Zygomatic arch Nasal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Mastoid process Mental protuberance Mandible Angle of mandible © McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Eric Wise, photographer 7-40  Anterior View of Skull Frontal bone Parietal bone Coronal suture Supraorbital foramen Glabella Optic canal Supraorbital margin Orbital plate of frontal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Temporal bone Superior orbital fissure Nasal bone Infraorbital margin Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Infraorbital foramen Perpendicular plate Middle nasal concha Nasal of ethmoid bone septum Inferior nasal concha Vomer Nasal cavity Anterior nasal spine Maxilla Oblique line of mandible Alveolar processes Mandible Mandibular symphysis Body of mandible Mental foramen Mental protuberance Anterior view  Vertebral Column Functions Regions – Supports weight of head and – Cervical (7 vertebrae) trunk. – Thoracic (12 vertebrae) – Protects the spinal cord. – Lumbar (5 vertebrae) – Allows spinal nerves to exit the – Sacral bone (1) spinal cord. – Coccygeal bone (1) – Provides site for muscle attachment. – Permits movement of head and trunk. 7-42 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. First cervical vertebra Vertebral Column (atlas) Second cervical vertebra (axis) Cervical region (convex anteriorly) Seventh cervical vertebra Four major curvatures in adults First thoracic vertebra – Cervical: anterior Thoracic region – Thoracic: posterior (concave – Lumbar: anterior Intervertebral foramina anteriorly) – Sacral and coccygeal: Body Intervertebral disk Twelfth thoracic vertebra posterior Abnormal curvatures: First lumbar vertebra Lumbar region Transverse process – Lordosis. Exaggeration of (convex anteriorly) Spinous process lumbar – Kyphosis. Exaggeration of Fifth lumbar vertebra Sacral promontory thoracic – Scoliosis. Lateral, often Sacrum Sacral and coccygeal regions (concave Coccyx accompanied by kyphosis anteriorly) 7-43 L a teral view Scoliosis Lordosis Lateral, 1-44 Exaggeration of thoracic  Appendicular Skeleton Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Girdles (the ring of bones at the shoulder Clavicle Sacrum Pelvic girdle Coxal bone supporting the arms Scapula Pectoral girdle or at the pelvis supporting the legs): Femur – Pectoral or shoulder Humerus – Pelvic Upper Limbs Patella – Arm – Forearm Ulna Upper limb Tibia Lower limb – Wrist Radius – Hand Fibula Lower Limbs Carpal bones Metacarpal bones Tarsal bones – Thigh Metatarsal Phalanges Phalanges – Leg Anterior view Anterior view – Foot Upper Limbs Lower Limbs 7-45 Upper Limbs 1-46  Sacrum Coxal bone Pelvic girdle Bones of Femur the Lower Limb Patella Tibia Lower limb Fibula Tarsal bones Metatarsal bones Phalanges 1-47 Anterior view  Skeletal Muscles There are approximately 680 skeletal muscle within the typical human. Almost every muscle constitutes one part of a pair of identical bilateral muscles, found on both sides, resulting in approximately 320 pairs of muscles 48  Skeletal Muscle Attachment of skeletal muscles: Each muscle has 2 attachments: Origin and insertion. Origin: the most fixed attachment. Insertion: The most mobile attachment. 49  Types of joints Joints are the areas where 2 or more bones meet. 1) Fibrous joints: Fixed joints. Eg: the skull, which is made up of a number of fused bones. 2) Cartilaginous joints: are partly movable joints. Eg: joints in the spinal column and the ribcage. 3) The synovial joints: are the most common type of joint because this joint helps us to perform a wide range of motion. Eg: shoulder joint, neck joint, knee joint, wrist joint, etc.  Let’s Think Together Abduction is Movement of the limb towards the middle line. False. Pleura refers to heart. False. Synovial joints allow free movements. True 1-52 Let’s think together This plane is: A)oblique. B) frontal. C) sagittal. D)transverse. 1-53 Thanks 1-54