Pharmacognosy-2 Lecture 11 (Unorganized Drugs) PDF

Pharmacognosy-2 Lecture 11 ‫احملارضة ا ألخرية‬ Ahmed Elbermawi, PhD Assistant Professor of Pharmacognosy  Unorganized Drugs ▪ Unorganized drugs are crude drugs of plant or animal origin that have no definite cellular structure (not flower, leaf, seed,………). ▪ They are...

Pharmacognosy-2 Lecture 11 ‫احملارضة ا ألخرية‬ Ahmed Elbermawi, PhD Assistant Professor of Pharmacognosy  Unorganized Drugs ▪ Unorganized drugs are crude drugs of plant or animal origin that have no definite cellular structure (not flower, leaf, seed,………). ▪ They are either: ✓ Mixtures of chemical substances. ✓ The decomposition products of substances originally present in the biological source of the drug. ▪ They are produced in plants or animals, either: ✓ Normally: e.g., plant mucilage (intracellular formation) ✓ Pathologically as a result of certain processes as injuries, incisions, etc. (extracellular formation). e.g., Gums ▪ Unorganized drugs can be classified based upon their origin and nature into: 1-Gums 2-Dried Extracts 3-Latex 4-Juices 5-Resins 6- Resin combinations.  I- Gums ▪ Gums are obtained from trees and shrubs. ▪ They are abnormal products, resulting from pathological conditions brought about either by injury Or by unfavorable conditions of growth e.g., drought. ▪ They are usually formed by changes in the existing cell walls. ▪ The conversion of cell walls of a tissue into gum is known as Gummosis. ▪ Chemically: ✓ Gums consists of calcium, potassium and magnesium salts of polyuronides (heteropolysaccharides). They can be hydrolyzed with dilute acids to yield mixtures of sugars and sugar acids (Uronic acids). ▪ General characters: ✓ Amorphous, translucent or transparent solids. ✓ Solubility: o Insoluble in alcohol and in most organic solvents. o Soluble in water, yielding viscous usually adhesive colloidal solutions or swelling by the absorption of water into a jelly- like mass. C.f. Gums: ▪ Pectin, hemicellulose (insoluble in water) and mucilage (soluble in water) yield on hydrolysis sugars and Uronic acids. But they are normal products of cell activity. ▪ Artificial gums (e.g., Dextrin): are produced from starch by enzymatic or incomplete acid hydrolysis. They differ from gums in being entirely converted into dextrose (glucose) by dilute mineral acids. ▪ What the difference between natural and artificial gum (dextrin)? Natural gums differ from in the following: Gum solutions are acidic (Uronic acids), those of dextrin are neutral. Gum solutions are levorotatory, of dextrin are dextrorotatory. Gums give positive tests for pentoses and Uronic acid, dextrin give negatives. Differences Gum Arabic Gum Tragacanth (Gum acacia) ‫صمغ الكثيرة‬ ‫الصمغ العربي‬ 1- Shape Tears Ribbon-shaped flakes 2- Origin Is the dried gummy Is the dried gummy exudation exudation obtained from the obtained by incision from stems and branches of Astragalus gummifer Fam. Acacia senegal Fam. Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Differences Gum Acacia Gum Tragacanth 3- Collection 1- The formation of gum is 1- when the stem is incised the gum and greatly increased by exudes and dries. Preparation wounding the stems (in 2- The form that it assumes being young phloem and dependant on the form of the incision: ‫لالطالع فقط‬ cambium) Vertical slits→ flat ribbon-shaped 2- later, peeling the bark to pieces. expose the cambium. punctures→ vermiform tears. 3- after 3-6 weeks, the gum which forms in tears is collected. It produced by the transformation of the cell walls of the pith and medullary rays into gum. N.B. gum is also spontaneously exuded from wild trees but is darker in Gum easily absorbs water and color and not so valuable. swells exerting a pressure on the surrounding tissue and go out when the stem is wounded.  Differences Gum Acacia (Arabic) Gum Tragacanth 4- Description Rounded or ovoid tears. thin, curved, ribbon-shaped Color: yellowish white flakes. Occasionally spirally Odor: odorless twisted linear pieces. Taste: mucilaginous Color: white Texture: brittle Taste: mucilaginous Texture: horny 5- Solubility Almost completely Sparingly soluble in water soluble in water., giving but swells into adhesive adhesive solution gelatinous mass. Insoluble in alcohol. Insoluble in alcohol. 6- Tests for Its aqueous solution is, identity viscous, slightly acidic to litmus paper. Difference Gum Acacia (Arabic) Gum Tragacanth Oxidase Aq. Soln. of Gum Arabic + Neither blue enzyme test few drops of H2O2 + few colored particles drops of benzidine T.S.→ (Indian Tragacanth) Shake and allow to Nor a blue colored stand→ deep blue or a soln. (Gum Arabic) greenish- blue color. Lead Aq. Soln. of gum Arabic + No flocculent white subacetate test 1 mL of lead sub-acetate ppt. soln.→ flocculent white ppt.  Difference Gum Acacia (Arabic) Gum Tragacanth Lead No flocculent white flocculent white ppt. acetate test ppt. Iodine test 1 g of powdered gum The particles are + 1 mL N/50 iodine colored yellow and solution→ yellowish may show minute brown color. scattered blue points due to starch.  Difference Gum Acacia (Arabic) Gum Tragacanth Constituents Mainly Arabin Mainly two polysaccharides:- (Mix. of Ca, Mg and K salts of arabic acid). Bassorin (a complex of polymethoxylated acids), which swell in water but does not dissolve. Acid hydrolysis produces rhamnose, galactose, Tragacanthin (water soluble) arabinose and aldobionic acid Acid hydrolysis produces galactose, arabinose, xylose and galacturonic acid. Oxidase enzyme. Uses Demulcent in cough, ▪ Suspending agent for insoluble diarrhea preparations and Powders. lozenges, suspending & ▪ Emulsifying agent for oils. emulsifying agent ▪ Hand lotions, cloth printing.  II- Dried Extracts ▪ This group includes drugs which are prepared by evaporating the aqueous decoction of parts of certain plants or animals e.g., Agar- Agar and gelatin. Difference Agar-Agar Gelatin 1- Origin Is the dried mucilaginous Is the protein obtained by substance prepared from boiling the collagenous red algae. tissues of animals (skin, tendons, bones) with water, evaporating the aqueous extract and drying the residue in air.  Difference Agar-Agar Gelatin 2- Shape Translucent strips Sheets or powder Or granulated powder Difference Agar-Agar Gelatin 3- Color Greyish white with Pale yellowish yellowish tint. 4- Texture Tough (hard to break) Brittle 5- Odor Marine algae odor slight 6- Taste Salty mucilaginous slight taste 7- Solubility - Insoluble in cold - Insoluble in cold water water - soluble in hot water - - Soluble in boiling →translucent jelly on water → stiff jelly on cooling cooling  Difference Agar-Agar Gelatin Constituents It is a galactan Chiefly of protein (polysaccharide) formed of glutin. 1,3- linked D-galactose which is partially sulphated. III- Tests for identity: Stiff jelly translucent jelly 1- Cooling of hot soln.  Difference Agar-Agar Gelatin 2- Microscopical Boil agar with HCl → set aside No cellular structure examination 10min→decant→examine the residue microscopically 3- Tannic acid No precipitate is formed Brown ppt. test 4- Barium Agar +H2O→ boil + HCl and No ppt. chloride test heat for 30 min. on water-bath +1 mL BaCl2 T.S.→ white ppt.  Difference Agar- Agar Gelatin 5- Millon’s reagent No ppt. Brick-red ppt. 6- Ruthenium red Particles-stained No color test deep red 7- Sodalime test No Ammonia gas Heat gelatin with sodalime evolved. → Ammonia gas evolved. Difference Agar- Agar Gelatin Uses - Suspending agent. - Bulk laxative. - As gel in bacteriological culture media and plant tissue culture. - For making emulsions. - For thickening ice cream. - Nutrient jelly. - Base for glycerin suppositories.  III- Dried Juices ▪ Juices are fluid plant saps being usually aqueous liquids, containing dissolved substances and present in plant in special structures. They occur either in cells (Aloes) and in cavities (Eucalyptus). Aloe ‫الصبر‬ ▪ Aloes: is the solid residue obtained by evaporating the liquid which drains from the cut leaves of Aloe ferox and Aloe vera, Fam. Liliaceae. Physical Characters: ✓ Color: dark brown or nearly black. ✓ Odor: characteristic and disagreeable. ✓ Taste: very bitter. ✓ Fracture: hard.  Tests for Identity 0.5 g powder + 50 ml water → boil for 2-3 min → cool + kieselguhr → shake and filter → clear filtrate, the clear filtrate responds to the following tests for identification: 1- Borax test for anthranols: 0.2 g borax + 5 mL filtrate → Dissolve by heating → transfer 5-10 drops of this solution to a test tube nearly filled with water → green fluorescence ➔ (the green fl. is produced due to the formation of aloe-emodin anthranol liberated from barbaloin by hydrolysis with borax). 2- Test for free anthraquinones : 10 mL filtrate + 20 mL ether → shake 10 mL of ether layer with 10 mL of diluted Soln. of NH4OH → a rose red color is produced in ammoniacal layer. 3- Test for barbaloin (Bromine water test): 1 mL filtrate + 1 mL bromine T.S. → pale yellow ppt. is formed. Constituents The principal constituents of all the foregoing varieties of Aloes is yellow crystalline anthraquinone glycosides, barbaloin, resin, aloe-emodin (hydrolytic decomposition product of barbaloin). Uses 1- Purgative (used in certain forms of constipation as it improves the digestion and does not lose its activity by repetition). 2- The fresh mucilaginous gel of Aloe vera leaves (present just under the skin of leaves) used in treatment of burns, skin irritations and has emollient effects.  IV- Dried Latex Latex: is an emulsion or suspension occurs in plants in special structures named laticiferous structures (which may be cells, tubes or vessels) and from which the latex is obtained by making incisions in the plant. The well-known latex is opium. Opium Opium is the air-dried latex obtained by incision from the fully-grown but unripe capsules of Papaver somniferum (Fam. Papaveraceae). Opium poppy seed pod exuding latex from a cut ‫اخلشخاش‬ ▪ Shape: rounded or cubical pieces. ▪ Color: dark brown to chocolate brown. ▪ Plastic when fresh & hard and tough or occasionally brittle on keeping. Opium is a complex mixture of an active alkaloid fraction (10-20%), together with sugars, protein, lipids and other gummy substances. The most important are 5 major alkaloids: 1. Phenanthrane group: morphine, codeine and thebaine. 2. Isoquinoline group: papaverine and noscapine (narcotine). Meconic acid Porphyroxine Minor Test for identification Ferric Chloride Test: (Meconic acid test): 5% Aqueous solution of FeCl3 to an alcoholic extract of opium, a brownish purple color indicates the possible presence of opium. Uses ▪ Opium is used as a source of morphine (analgesic), codeine (cough sedative) and papaverine (antispasmodic for smooth muscle).  V- Resin and Resin Combinations Occur in plants either: ▪ Alone → Guaiacum ▪ In combination with: ✓ Gums → Gum-resins → Gamboge ✓ V.O. → Oleo-resins → Turpentine and Copaiba ✓ Gums and V.O. → Oleo-gum-resins → Myrrh, Asafetida  Colophony ‫قلفونيا‬/‫راتنج التربنتينا‬ ▪ It is the residue left after distilling the volatile oil from the oleo-resin obtained from Pinus palustris, P. taeda and other species of Pinus (Pinaceae). Method of preparation  Constituents ▪ Abietic acids (α,β,γ, 84%). They are formed, by the effect of heat (Artifacts), from pimaric acid present in natural turpentine. Uses ✓ Stimulant and diuretic. ✓ Ingredient of ointments and some varnishes. ✓ Printing inks. ✓ Floor coverings. Test for identity (Test for abietic acid) 0.5 g colophony + 5 mL petroleum ether → shake → filter → filtrate + equal volume of dil. Copper acetate T.S. → the pet. Ether layer assumes emerald green color.  Oleo-Gum-Resin ▪ Resin present in association with gums and volatile oil. 1- Asafetida ‫ أأبوكبري‬- ‫احللتيت‬ ▪ An oleo-gum-resin obtained by incision of the living rhizome and root of Ferula foetida Family Umbelliferae (Apiaceae). ▪ Odor: alliaceous ▪ Taste: bitter, alliaceous and acrid. ▪ Oleo-gum resin is formed in large schizogenous ducts in the cortex of the stem and the root. Constituents ▪ Resin (45-60%): mainly sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpene-coumarins of the umbelliferone type (combined umbelliferone). ▪ Volatile oils (3-17%): pinene and sulphides as a disulphide, tri, tetra- sulphides. The sulphides content of the volatile oil is responsible for the characteristic alliaceous odor and taste of the drug. ▪ Gum: on acid hydrolysis produces glucuronic acid, galactose, arabinose and rhamnose.  Tests for Identity ▪ Freshly fractured surface of the tear: ✓ One drop of H2SO4, a bright red or reddish-brown color is produced which changes to bluish violet color upon washing with water. ✓ One drop of 50% HNO3, a green color is produced. ▪ Test for combined umbelliferone: 1g Asafetida + 20 mL (HCl + water) → Boil → filter into water made strongly alkaline with strong soln. of NH4OH → Blue fluorescence. Uses ▪ Carminative, expectorant, antispasmodic and laxative.  2- Myrrh ‫مر البطارخ‬ ▪ An oleo-gum-resin obtained from stems and branches of Commiphora molmol and other species of Commiphora (Fam. Burseraceae) ▪ Oleo-gum resin is formed in: schizogenous secretion reservoirs in the bark and pith. Constituents ▪ 2.5-8% yellowish-green thick volatile oils. ▪ 25-40% resin. ▪ 60% gum of acacia type. Uses ▪ Antiseptic in mouthwash preparations. ▪ Uterine stimulant. ▪ Recent studies revealed that Myrrh is a new schistosomicidal drug.  Give only one example from un-organized drugs? Nature of drug Example Oleo-gum resin Anthraquinone material Mucilaginous substance from algae Free resin Protein from collagenous tissue of animals Fluid plant sap Gummy oxidation  Give a chemical test for the following un-organized drugs? Drug Detailed chemical test Gum Arabic Aloe Gelatin Agar-Agar Opium Gum Tragacanth Colophony Asafetida Myrrh Complete the missing spaces in the following sentences: Gelatin is -------------- in nature and gives ------------- with picric acid. Freshly fractured surface of asafetida gives ----------- color with ----------- after washing with water. The principal constituent of all varieties of Aloes is ------------------------- Colophony is ----------------------------------------------------- family -------------- Aloe is -------------- in nature, it is used topically for --------------------------- Asafetida has a strong ----------------- odor due to its ------------- content. The major constituent of colophony resin is ------------------- which can be tested by ------- ------------- Myrrh is used as --------------------------------  ‫أجزاء المنهج‬ ❑ Fruits (Lectures 1-5) ❑ Herbs (Lectures 6-8) ❑Animal-derived drugs (Lecture 9) ❑ Unorganized drugs (Lecture 10-11) I hope you enjoyed studying this course!