Lecture 11 Leaves Containing Alkaloids PDF

 Leaves containing alkaloids 1. Jaborandi leaves 2- Boldo leaves ‫أوراق الجابوراندي‬ ‫أوراق البولدو‬ 3- Tea leaves 4- Coca leaves ‫أوراق الشاي‬ ‫أوراق الكوكا‬ ...

 Leaves containing alkaloids 1. Jaborandi leaves 2- Boldo leaves ‫أوراق الجابوراندي‬ ‫أوراق البولدو‬ 3- Tea leaves 4- Coca leaves ‫أوراق الشاي‬ ‫أوراق الكوكا‬  1. Jaborandi leaves ‫أوراق الجابوراندي‬ I. Origin The dried leaflets of Pilocarpus microphyllus & P. jaborandi. Fam. Rutaceae. G.O.: Brazil II. Morphology  Compound leaves  Imparipinnate leaflets with emarginate (notched) apex III. Active constituents 1- Alkaloids  Pilocarpine, isopilocarpine, pilosine, isopilosine. 2- Volatile oils  Chemical test (test for pilocarpine): 1- Helch’s test boil Powder + dil. H2SO4 filter cool Filtrate + H2O2+ K2Cr2O7  + Benzene & shake violet in benzene layer and yellow in aqueous layer. IV. Action and uses Parasymapathomimetic action  On eye: Myotic (dec. size of eye pupil)  Increase secretions (sweat and saliva) Therefore can be used as: 1- Atropine antagonist in: a) Ophthalmology (as myotic). b) Antidote for atropine poisoning. 2- Glaucoma  decrease intraocular pressure. 3- Sialagogue (increase saliva) , diaphoretic (increase sweating).  2. Boldo leaves ‫أوراق البوكو‬ I. Origin The dried leaves of Peumus boldus Fam. Monimiaceae. - G.O.: Chile II. Microscopically - Identified by the presence of stellate hairs III. Active constituents 1- Alkaloids (Boldine). 2- Glycosides (Boldoglycin). 3- Volatile oils  in oil cells  Chemical tests (for Boldine) Evap. - Alcoholic extract Residue + Vanillin HCl  Intense red color IV. Action and uses 1. Hepatic stimulant or tonic  used in jaundice 2. Mild diuretic 3. Mild laxative  3. Tea leaves ‫أوراق الشاي‬ I. Origin Prepared leaves and leaf- buds of Camellia sinensis (Thea sinensis) Fam. Theaceae. G.O.: Eastern Asia (Ceylon, china, Japan, India, Kenya) What are types of tea ? Black tea Green tea White tea Oolong tea  Methods of drying  The way the leaves are processed determine the type of tea. Fresh tea leaves White tea Green tea Black tea Withered Withered Rolled Steamed Full Oxidation Dried Dried Dried  Green tea Black tea - Steamed - Fermented (oxidation under controlled temp. and humidity) Processing - Rapid drying - Slow drying (20-70 oC) and controlled humidity. - Destroys thease enzyme - Activate thease enzyme Phloba tannin  Phlobaphene (reddish black) (less active) Color - Leaves retain it’s green Green  Yellow coppery red (reddish color black) (due to fermentation) -High content of - Less content polyphenols (antioxidants) polyphenols (antioxidants) constituents Active - Less percentage of - More percentage of alkaloids (free alkaloids (free Caffeine) , Caffeine). most are combined with tannins.  II. Active constituents of tea 1- Alkaloids: Caffeine, theobromine, & theophylline 2- Tannins (10-24%). 3- Flavonoids, volatile oils, & saponins. III. Action and uses 1. CNS stimulant (due to caffeine) 2. Astringent and antidiarrheal (due to tannins) 3. Mild diuretic (due to theobromine) 4- Weak smooth muscle relaxant (due to theophylline) 5- Antioxidant and anticancer (green tea due to polyphenols)  Large doses of tea lead to 1. Constipation 2. Irritation of stomach in peptic ulcer. 3. Gastritis 4. Nervous irritability  4. Coca leaves ‫أوراق الكوكا‬ I. Origin - The dried leaves of Erythroxylum coca known as Bolivian coca or of E. truxillense known as Peruvian coca. Fam. Erythroxylaceae. G.o.: Bolivia, Peru  Physical characters: - Odor tea like odor - Taste  Bitter followed by numbness sensation II. Active constituents 1- Alkaloids (ester type): Cocaine, Cinnamylcocaine, and α- & β- truxillenes 2- Tannins (Cocotannic acid) N.B.: Cocaine in Bolivian > Peruvian III. Action and uses 1. Effect on CNS: - Small dose  Stimulation - Large dose  Stimulation  followed by depression  Cardiac arrest. 2. Subcutaneous injection of cocaine  paralysis of sensory nerves. Therefore can be used as Local anesthetic (as cocaine HCl) in minor surgeries of ear, nose, and eye. N.B. The use of cocaine is highly restricted because of its high toxicity and addiction power.  Complete the following table Active constituents Action and Uses 1- Jaborandi leaves 2- Boldo leaves 3- Tea leaves 4- Coca leaves 5- Datura leaves 6- Hyoscymus leaves 7- Belladonna leaves