Lecture 11 and 12 Sources of data Updated ver 02 Oct 2023 (1).pptx

Data Sources & Methods 9 Primary Data Sources Secondary Tertiary 2 Primary Data & Primary Data Source ●Primary Data Source is the Original Data source or firsthand account ●That has not been interpreted or evaluated in any way. ●Raw data from: • Surveys Primary Source of Data • Observations •...

Data Sources & Methods 9 Primary Data Sources Secondary Tertiary 2 Primary Data & Primary Data Source ●Primary Data Source is the Original Data source or firsthand account ●That has not been interpreted or evaluated in any way. ●Raw data from: • Surveys Primary Source of Data • Observations • Trial results • Experiments ●Sources include: • Interview schedule • Lab notes • Photos • Paintings • Speeches • Diaries • Memoirs or Autobiographies 3 ●This source is created when we do something to a primary source, such as: examine it, evaluate it, critique it, interpret it, or reflect on it in order to reuse that information for another purpose. Secondary Source of Data ●Sources include: • Journal articles and books that analyse or comment on original data or primary sources. • Literary and art criticism • Biographies ●Secondary sources are important to develop new research questions, to explore sensitive issues 4 ● Created which indexes, abstracts, organizes, compiles, or digests primary and secondary sources into a textual consolidation. Tertiary Source of Data ● Books and articles that synthesise and report information based on secondary data source/s. ● Textbooks, Encyclopaedias, mass circulation publications like Digests, e.g. Psychological Digest 5 Types of Methods: According to types of data 6 Unit of Analysis or Research Unit ●The subject (the who or what) of study about which a researcher may generalise ●E.q. schools, institute, communities, interest groups, voters etc. 7 Accessing Participants : Sampling in Primary Data Source ●Selection process used for identifying possible research unit /unit of analysis 8 ●Everything (individuals, objects, events etc.) that Universe have a designated set of specifications that a research/ study aims to pursue 9 ●Well-defined group of people, objects, etc. Population ●The population must be defined explicitly before a sample is taken 10 Why we need sampling? ●To select unit of research ●To generalize results to a population ●Obviously we can’t go to everyone and ask 11 12 Sample ●Sample ●A group/ segment/ portion of the population (people/objects etc.) ●Representative sample ●A sample that represents the characteristics of a population accurately 13 14 Sample Size ●Number of the individuals/ objects/ units ●Statistically derived from the population in case of quantitative research ●Not predetermined for qualitative research 15 Sampling Frame All the units in the population from which the sample will be selected ●Examples ●Telephone directory ●Elementary schools ●University students, faculties ●Members of a club ●Social service organizations ●Political party ●Census data 16 Probability Sampling Types of Sampling ●Simple Random Sampling ●Systematic Random Sampling ●Stratified ●Cluster Non-Probability sampling ●Quota ●Convenience ●Purposive ●Snowball ●Opportunistic 17 Simple Random Sampling 18 19 20 Cluster Sampling 21 22 23 24 25 Snowball Sampling 26 Opportunistic Sampling 27 Sampling process •Defining the Target Population •Determining the Sampling Frame •Select A Sampling Technique(s) •Determine the Sampling Size •Execution of Sampling Process 28 Study Context ●Geographical ●Social ●Psychological ●Political 29 Data Source Type Methods of Data Collection Primary Mode of Data collection Direct Secondary Indirect Tertiary Indirect 30 Type of Data Source Primary Tools Secondary Review, systematic review, etc Types of Data Collection Tools Interviews (face to face, focus group), Observation (Participatory & Nonparticipatory), Surveys, experiments 31 Developme nt of Tools: Structured interview / Survey questions ●Interaction or conversation with a purpose ●Effective method for collecting primary information ●Purpose of collecting data – data collection interviews ●Face -to-face or telephonic 32 Preparing Questions ●Data Collection Interviews ●Personal interviews ●Subjective – attitudes – preferences – opinions – tastes – emotional reactions ●Determine facts known to a single individual or a group of people 33 ●Open-ended questions – respondent can offer an opinion – not just an yes or no Preparing Questions “What is your role in bringing back normalcy among employees? ● Close –ended questions – gives specific information “ Do you feel the unrest among employees will continue for a week?” ●Restatement question – based on the respondent’s previous answer “ You said that the union leader would be meeting the employees this evening. Is that information correct?” 34 Doublebarreled questions 1. Do you think students should have more classes in Technical Report Writing and Biology? 2. Would you like to go for a menu which is spicy and colourful? 3. Do you prefer a grading system that is more liberal and with more division of grades? 4. Do you feel this shop has variety and quality in its selling products? 35 Planning for the interview ●Decide the duration of the interview ●Decide the number of questions accordingly ●Adequate focus on the topic ●Think about sequence ●Ask intelligent and smart questions 36 ●Advantages- Advantages & Disadvanta ges ●Provides qualitative data ●Enables you to observe the reactions of the respondent ●Disadvantages- ●Time consuming ●Cannot contact large number of people 37 ●Advantages Telephonic Interviews ●Quickest of the survey techniques ●Easy access ●Cost is low ●Disadvantages ●Detailed data cannot be gathered ●Cannot observe body language ●Lack of privacy ( Can be beneficial in certain cases) 38 ●To collect data from a large number of people ●To secure information ,facts, opinions, and attitudes ●Examples: Questionnai res ●What is your opinion on establishing a gymnasium in our campus? (open ended) ●What do you feel about the availability of space for gym adequate/inadequate?(dichotomous close ended) 39 Example ●Multiple choice ●What are the time slots do you feel would be appropriate for the new gymnasium? a. 5.30 - 6.30 a.m b. 6.00 – 7.00 a.m c. 5.00 – 6.00 p.m d. 6.30 – 7.30 p.m. 40 Preparatory Steps ●Provide clear instructions ●Keep the questionnaire short ●Sequencing - ask about only one aspect at a time ●Pretest the questionnaire 41 Preparatory Steps ●Mail questionnaire – include a return envelope with a covering letter ▪Covering letter - Purpose of the study, ●Brief description of the questionnaire ●General instructions pertaining to the questionnaire ●Assurance of confidentiality and follow- up 42 Instructi ons ●Please choose the best option by putting a tick mark ●Please rank the following items according to the order of your preference ( 1 is the most preferred and 5 is the least preferred) ●Please answer questions 1 to 5 by choosing the best option ●Select any TWO as per your preference 43 Ethical Considerati on ●Informed consent should be collected from the participants ●All the required permission should be obtained ●Participants’ identity should be kept confidential ●Objectives and purpose of the study should be explained to the participants ●All participants should be given choice of withdrawing from the study at any point of time 44 Sample Questionnaire Prepare a mail questionnaire with multiple choice questions for the marketing team of a newly-opened garment shop in Jaipur which wishes to find out people’s views on their merchandise and services through a survey. Issues �Product variety �Service personnel �Location of the shop �Mode of payment �Online Services Note: Please tick (√) in the suitable boxes except where asked to indicate your answers otherwise. Please indicate your a) Age: b) Sex: c) Religion: Formal education level: a) b) c) d) Primary Middle High School/Higher Secondary College/University Family income (per month): a) b) c) d) e) Up to Rs. 5,000 Rs. 5,001 to Rs. 15,500 Rs. 15,501 to Rs. 30,000 Rs. 30,001 to Rs. 50,000 Above Rs. 50,000 What is the approximate amount of money you spend on buying clothes every time you visit a garment shop? a) Less than Rs. 1,000 b) Less than Rs. 5,000 c) Less than Rs. 10,000 d) More than Rs. 10,000 How often do you purchase clothes online? a) b) c) d) Daily Weekly Monthly Rarely Product Variety What kind of garments do you generally shop for? a) b) c) d) Ethnic/cultural varieties Modern-day clothing Depends upon the occasion and time of the year Depends upon the person if not shopping for yourself Service Personnel How did you find our service staff? a) b) c) d) They were able to guide well, according to your demand Inadequate attention/Lack of staff Adequate guidance but lack of proper communication Lack of/Improper understanding of customer needs Location of the Shop How did you find the location of our shop? a) b) c) d) Can be reached easily, with proper directions Remote, hard to reach Location information available is insufficient Other issues (parking, ATMs, etc.) Mode of Payment How would you compare your general transaction mode with the modes of transaction available at our shop? a) Transactions were smooth and the billing/packing process was quick b) Newer modes can be introduced (credit/debit card acceptability for more banks) c) Billing took a long time/Lack of billing counters d) Other issues (improper bills/failed transactions/non-functional swiping machines, etc.) Online Services How can we improve our existing online services for the convenience of our customers? a) None, the services are sufficient and are functioning well b) Time of dispatch/delivery should be reduced c) Availability of stock is not updated regularly and needs improvement d) The transaction modes can be improved/Newer modes can be introduced e) The online reach/publicity/advertisements are insufficient. 1.Q. BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus has been organizing the all India cultural festival Waves every year on its campus attracting a large number of participants across various colleges in India. The Council for Student Affairs (CSA) is planning to find out the popularity of this festival through a questionnaire survey. As a representative of CSA, prepare a mail questionnaire containing 10 specific questions to be administered on the participants from various colleges in India. You need to prepare 2 questions (one open ended question and one multiple choice question) for each of the following issues: 1. Publicity, Event Management, Security Arrangements. Prizes, Hospitality, 57 Publicity (Sample Questions) ●1.How did you come to know of Waves? (Tick all applicable) ●Newspaper ●Social Media ●Television ●College Notices ●2. On a scale of 1-10 how well was Waves publicized? (With 1 being the lowest)______ 58 Q.2The administration has observed that the reading habit of students on campus needs to improve. You have been asked to look into the matter send a report suggesting some measures to improve upon the same Think about any five major issues and prepare two questions ( one open ended and one multiple choice with four options) on each of the issues 59 Q.3 Bharat Airlines has been constantly incurring losses because of a sharp decrease in the number of passengers travelling by these Airlines. The Ministry of Civil Aviation, Government of India is concerned about this problem and wants to know the actual causes behind this phenomenon. As the Chief Commercial Officer of Bharat Airlines, you have been asked to conduct a survey in order to arrive at some remedial measures. Think about any five major issues and prepare two questions ( once close end and one multiple choice with four options) on each of the issues. 60 ●Since the introduction of BITSAT online test in 2005, the number of girls admitted to BITS Pilani campuses has come down from 40% to 18%. Concerned about this decline, BITS Pilani has asked University Vista, a company that is known for conducting surveys to identify the major reasons and also suggest some measures to increase the % of girl population in BITS Pilani campuses. As a representative of University Vista , prepare a mail questionnaire consisting of 10 questions ( 5 open end and 5 multiple choice) on various issues pertaining to the topic. 61 Q.2 The Director of College Education, Patna, Bihar has been concerned about the poor academic standards and mismanagement of the affairs of various colleges in Patna. You as Deputy Director of Education have been asked to enquire into the matter and submit a report to the Director. Now prepare a mail questionnaire containing 10 specific questions to be sent to the faculty members of the respective colleges in order to collect data for the report. You need to prepare 2 questions ( dichotomous close ended question and one multiple choice question) for each of the following issues: Pedagogy, Evaluation, Academic Infrastructure, Co- 62 An Exercise Q 4. As the Manager of a restaurant that has set up shop at BITS Goa, prepare a mail questionnaire to collect data about the eating habits of the students living on campus. ●Kerlinger, F N. (1986).Foundations of Behvaioral Research (3rd edition). Chicago: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. ●Long, K J. (2011). Unit Of Analysis in Lewis-Beck, M. S., Bryman, A., & Futing Liao, T. edited The SAGE encyclopedia of social science research methods Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. doi: 10.4135/9781412950589 References ●Malhotra, N K. & Das, S. (2017). Marketing Research: An Applied Oriantation (7th edition). India: Pearson ●McGinn, M K (2012). Secondary Data in Given, L. M. he SAGE encyclopedia of qualitative research methods (Vols. 1-0). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. doi: 10.4135/9781412963909 ●Persaud, N. (2012). Primary Data Source. In Salkind, N. J. edited Encyclopedia of research design. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. doi: 10.4135/9781412961288 64