Biology Lecture Outline PDF

Because learning changes everything.® Chapter 1 An Introduction to Biology Lecture Outline BIOLOGY Sixth Edition Robert J. Brooker, Eric P. Widmaier, Linda E. Graham, Peter D. Stiling © 2023 McGra...

Because learning changes everything.® Chapter 1 An Introduction to Biology Lecture Outline BIOLOGY Sixth Edition Robert J. Brooker, Eric P. Widmaier, Linda E. Graham, Peter D. Stiling © 2023 McGraw Hill, LLC. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill, LLC. What is Biology? Bios = life Logos= study →Study of Life 2 3 Tree of Life 4  About Me Instructor: Kerstin Musolf Email: [email protected] Office Hours: Monday 4:00-5:00 PM or by appointment Office 411 NE My research Behavioral Ecology of small mammals Wilson lab Grade composition Lecture: 50% + Lab : 50% Lecture exams: 4 x 10% each Homework: 10% Grade distribution → see syllabus 6  BIOL1001 grade composition Lab grades Lecture grades Reports Exam 1 12% 10% Prelab Exam 2 4% 10% Notebook 3% Participation 3% Homework Exam 3 4% 10% Cumulative Practical 10% Exam 4 10% Quizzes Homework 14% 10% C- = 64.45% 7 Exam dates TEAL-TEGL cohort 09/24 10/24 11/19 12/17 (final week, 10:30-12:30 PM) There are no make-up exams! If you miss one lecture exam you will take a cumulative final which will count for 20% of your lecture grade. Failure to take 2 exams and/or lab quizzes constitutes an F for the course. 9  Homework – get Connect(ed) Go to https://connect.mheducation.com/class/fall-2024- musolf_tuesdaythursday You then have three options: A. Already have a code: Simply enter in the code you have either purchased or received. Create an account and you’re in. B. Purchase Connect Access: Select the access period you want to buy. Add it to your cart. Create an account. Follow the check-out process. (Does NOT have the lab manual!) C. Start a Grace Period: You can get 14 days of free trial access. Select this, create an account, and you’re in. You will need to purchase access in order to use the product beyond the 14-day trial period. 11 Homework assignments Weekly assignments 1-3 per chapters covered 1. Adaptive Quiz/Smartbook component (= best as preparation for class, also as review; graded for completion) + 2. Homework Quiz of about 10 questions posted after class (= graded for accuracy) Automatically submit at deadline – afterwards you receive feedback & study attempts are available Any concerns need to be addressed BEFORE a deadline. 12 13 Email communication with your teacher Dear Professor Last-Name, I’m in your Class Name, Section Number that meets on This Day. This is the question I have or the help I need (be very specific!). (Have you looked in the syllabus, at your notes from class, on Blackboard, and posted your question in the Discussion Board?) 15 Email communication with your teacher Dear Professor Last-Name, I’m in your Class Name/ Section Number that meets on This Day. This is the question I have or the help I need (be very specific!). (Have you looked in the syllabus, at your notes from class, on Blackboard, and posted your question in the Discussion Board?) Signing off with a Thank You is always a good idea, Your name →emails that do not follow the appropriate protocol will not be answered. 17  Key Concepts: Levels of Biology Core Concepts of Biology Biological Evolution Classification of Living Things Biology as a Scientific Discipline © McGraw-Hill Education 18  Levels of Biological Organization 1. Atoms 6. Organism 2. Molecules 7. Population 3. Cells 8. Community 4. Tissues 9. Ecosystem 5. Organs 10. Biosphere © McGraw-Hill Education 19. © McGraw-Hill Education 20  What is a Cell? Cells are the simplest units of life. Small Membrane-enclosed Filled with a concentrated aqueous solution of chemicals Endowed with ability to create copies of themselves © McGraw-Hill Education  How do we know? © McGraw-Hill Education 22  Overview of Cell Structure Two categories of life: Prokaryotes Simple cell structure No nucleus Eukaryotes More complex cells DNA enclosed within membrane-bound nucleus Internal membranes form organelles © McGraw-Hill Education 23  Prokaryotic cell: Figure 4.8 a) Diagram of a typical rod-shaped bacterium b) A colorized TEM of Escherichia coli © McGraw-Hill Education b: ©Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc./Phototake 24  Eukaryotic cell: Figure 4.35 Nucleus Endomembrane system Location of most of the genome 1. Nuclear envelope Gene expression and regulation Double membrane that surrounds the nucleus Organization and protection of 2. Endoplasmic reticulum chromosomes via the nuclear matrix Protein secretion and sorting Site for ribosome subunit assembly Glycosylation Lipid synthesis Metabolic functions and accumulation of Ca2+ 3. Golgi apparatus Protein secretion and sorting Glycosylation 4. Lysosome/vacuoles Degradation of organic molecules Storage of organic molecules Accumulation of water (plant vacuoles) 5. Peroxisomes Breakdown of toxic molecules such as H2O2 Breakdown and synthesis of organic molecules 6. Plasma membrane Uptake and excretion of ions and molecules Cell signaling Cell adhesion Semiautonomous organelles Cytosol 1. Mitochondria Coordination of responses to the Synthesis of ATP environment Synthesis and modification of other Coordination of metabolism organic molecules Synthesis of the proteome Production of heat Organization and movement via 2. Chloroplasts (plants and algae) cytoskeleton and motor proteins Photosynthesis © McGraw-Hill Education 25  Key Concepts: Levels of Biology Core Concepts of Biology Biological Evolution Classification of Living Things Biology as a Scientific Discipline © McGraw-Hill Education 26  Evolutionary History 1 Life began on Earth as primitive cells between 3.5 to 4 billion years ago (bya) Those primitive cells underwent evolutionary changes to give rise to the species of today Evolutionary history helps us understand the structure and function of an organism © McGraw-Hill Education 27  https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tree_of_Living_Organisms_2.png © McGraw-Hill Education 28  Biological Evolution Unity All life displays a common set of characteristics United by a shared evolutionary history Diversity Life has a diversity of form in diverse environments © McGraw-Hill Education 29  Observations convinced Darwin that life evolved © McGraw-Hill Education  Darwin’s book published in 1859 On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life Descent with modification All species share common ancestry Changes occur through natural selection Charles Darwin (1809-1882) © McGraw-Hill Education  Evolutionary History 2 Evolutionary change involves modifications of pre-existing characteristics Structures may be modified to serve new purposes Example: Walking limbs were modified into a dolphin’s flipper or a bat’s wing © McGraw-Hill Education 32 Figure 1.5: Modification as a Result of Evolution © McGraw-Hill Education 33  Structure determines function. © McGraw-Hill Education 34  Two mechanisms of evolutionary change 1 Vertical descent with mutation Progression of changes in a lineage New species evolve from pre-existing species by the accumulation of mutations Natural selection takes advantage of beneficial mutations © McGraw-Hill Education 35 Figure 1.6: Vertical Evolution Example © McGraw-Hill Education 36  Two mechanisms of evolutionary change 2 Horizontal gene transfer Genetic exchange between different species Relatively rare Genes that confer antibiotic resistance are sometimes transferred between different bacteria species © McGraw-Hill Education 37  Figure 1.7: Horizontal Gene Transfer Bacterial species such as Bacterial species such as Escherichia coli Streptococcus pneumoniae © McGraw-Hill Education 38  Tree or web of life? Horizontal gene transfer was an important part of the process that gave rise to modern species Tree of life focuses on vertical evolution Web of life includes the contribution of horizontal gene transfer © McGraw-Hill Education 39  Prokaryotes Eukaryotes © McGraw-Hill Education 40  Genomes and Proteomes 1 Genome The complete genetic makeup of an organism Genomics Techniques used to analyze DNA sequences Comparison of genomes of different species Proteome The complete complement of proteins of an organism Proteomics Techniques used to analyze the proteins of a species Comparison of proteomes of different species © McGraw-Hill Education 41  Genomes and Proteomes 2 The genome carries the information to make the proteome. Genomic and proteome analysis illuminate the evolutionary history and relatedness of all living organisms. © McGraw-Hill Education 42  The Proteome Largely Determines the Characteristics of a Cell 1 How does a single organism produce different types of cells? The DNA is identical in each cell of an organism However, the cells have different proteomes a) Human skin cell b) Human neuron © McGraw-Hill Education a: ©Ed Reschke/Getty Images; b: ©Eye of Science/Science Source 43  Artificial Selection Artificial selection – programs designed to modify traits in domesticated species Humans select for traits that them deem desirable Study on the red fox, Vulpes vulpes, selected for animals that were friendly to humans, to try to replicate the process that produced domesticated dogs from wolves © McGraw-Hill Education 44  Figure 1.10: The red fox, Vulpes vulpes Soru Epotok/Shutterstock After 40 years of selection of positive behavior toward humans, foxes were playful and friendly, behaving like dogs Artificial selection increased the amount of genetic variation that promoted tame behavior and decreased the amount that favored aggressive behavior © McGraw-Hill Education 45  Key Concepts: Levels of Biology Core Concepts of Biology Biological Evolution Classification of Living Things Biology as a Scientific Discipline © McGraw-Hill Education 44  Early naturalists classified life’s diversity Carolus Linnaeus (1707-78): Father of modern taxonomy © McGraw-Hill Education  Classification of Living Things Taxonomy is the grouping of species based on common ancestry Three domains of life 1. Bacteria- unicellular prokaryotes 2. Archaea- unicellular prokaryotes 3. Eukarya- unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes Complex cells with a nucleus Four kingdoms: → Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia © McGraw-Hill Education 46  By Maulucioni y Doridí - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=25888693 © McGraw-Hill Education  Domain Bacteria: Mostly unicellular prokaryotes that inhabit many diverse environments on Earth. a) Domain Bacteria: Mostly unicellular prokaryotes that inhabit many diverse environments on Earth. © McGraw-Hill Education ©BSIP/age fotostock 48  Domain Archaea: Unicellular prokaryotes that often live in extreme environments, such as hot springs. b) Domain Archaea: Unicellular prokaryotes that often live in extreme environments, such as hot springs. © McGraw-Hill Education ©Eye of Science/Science Source 49  Domain Eukarya: Unicellular and multicellular organisms having cells with internal compartments that serve various functions. Protists: Unicellular and small multicellular organisms Plants: Multicellular organisms that can carry out that are now subdivided into seven broad groups based photosynthesis. on their evolutionary relationships. Fungi: Unicellular and multicellular organisms that have a cell Animals: Multicellular organisms that usually have a nervous wall but cannot carry out photosynthesis. Fungi usually survive system and are capable of locomotion. They must eat other on decaying organic material. organisms or the products of other organisms to live. c) Domain Eukarya: Unicellular and multicellular organisms having cells with internal compartments that serve various functions. © McGraw-Hill Education (protists): ©Jan Hinsch/Getty lmages;(plants): ©Kent Foster/Science Source; (fungi): ©Carl Schmidt-Luchs/Science Source; c(animals): ©Ingram Publishing/age fotostock 50  How Organisms are Classified A species is placed into progressively smaller groups that are more closely related Emphasizes the unity and diversity of different species Example: Clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris) © McGraw-Hill Education 51  Figure 1.11: Taxonomic classification of the ocellaris clownfish Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Taxonomic The ocellaris Approximate time Approximate Examples group clownfish is when the common number of found in ancestor for this modern species group arose in this group Domain Eukarya 2,000 million > 5,000,000 years ago Supergroup Opisthokonta 2,000 million > 1,000,000 years ago Kingdom Animalia 600 million > 1,000,000 years ago Phylum Chordata 525 million 50,000 years ago Class Actinopterygii 420 million 30,000 years ago Order Perciformes 80 million 7,000 years ago Family Pomacentridae Approximately 40 360 million years ago Genus Amphiprion Approximately 28 9 million years ago < 3 million years ago Species ocellaris 1 © McGraw-Hill Education 52  Classification Binomial nomenclature Each species has a unique scientific name Genus name capitalized Species descriptor is not capitalized Both names are italicized Amphiprion ocellaris = Ocellaris clownfish A. ocellaris © McGraw-Hill Education 53