History of Toronto PDF

HISTORY OF TORONTO THE FIRST PEOPLE (9000 BCE- 160 CE) -​ Approximately 13,000 years ago, the one-kilometre thick of the last ice age melted northwards from southern Ontario. From the northern part of Canada to the south. Lake Iroquois had an outlet to the north and water moved to...

HISTORY OF TORONTO THE FIRST PEOPLE (9000 BCE- 160 CE) -​ Approximately 13,000 years ago, the one-kilometre thick of the last ice age melted northwards from southern Ontario. From the northern part of Canada to the south. Lake Iroquois had an outlet to the north and water moved to the North. -​ A small number of people moved through the land bridge and settled in the sub-arctic area of Ancient Southern Ontario around 10,500 to 11,000 years ago. Lake found a new outlet through the St Lawrence River to the Atlantic Ocean. -​ Landscape began to change in terms of forest, it was boreal forest (Northern forest) characterized by coniferous (pine, pruce, phetris, needle shaped leaves) changed to temperate forest, mild temperature conditions, leaves change, oak, maple. Marked by migration of white tailed deer (Southern Ontario region). -​ Hunters rely on wild animals (buffalo, mastodonts). Pleistocene overkill, meat cannot be frozen so it rots, mammals were killed because of the hunting practice -​ Water level started to get higher. SCARBOROUGH BLUFFS When erosion begins, hydraulic forces cause a hanging mass and it collapses so now there’s a cliff. AGRICULTURE ​ Around 600-1600 years, corn, beans, squash, sunflowers, and tobacco were introduced into Ontario from the south. EXPLAIN DOMESTICATION Population pressure hypothesis: believed that in early days increasing population there will be scrambled for limited food, grains, fruits, nuts, vegetables, mushroom, many people will be fighting for resources, this pressure will force people to find ways of cultivation. ​ Oasis hypothesis: drought and desiccation, humans and wildlife congrageta around water bodies. There is close proximity of people and aggressiveness from wild animals will reduce and will see which ones are easier to tame (goats), they accidentally fropped seeds from the wild. ​ Cultural progression hypothesis: progression from primitive traditional state from hunting and fishing to more industrialized methods, transition to agriculture normal pattern of evolution of society. ​ Heap: how people gained knowledge about farming, when there is something rotten we put it in the trash can they didn’t know about, so what was bad started piling up and it started to smell so organic material started to decompose and seeds grow to give foods. ​ The adaptation of agriculture meant that some places developed semi-permanent villages or settlements. Mini settlements by reciprocal economies (mini systems marked by chiefs that are custodial of the land, administer territory and who has access to what). They start to specialize in crops, tools, materials (using clay for pottery, shepherds, ranchers, individual specialization). Give and take or swap (Barter trading). ​ Culture, traditions, language, customs are different because of the mini systems with authorities, there is an increase of population with these systems. ​ Iroquoian villages were longhouses, the ones uncovered by archeological excavations are: ​ Extended families live in the same compound (aunts, cousins). ○​ 15th century Parsons site south of York University. ○​ 14th century Alexandra site in Scarborough. ○​ Surrounded by fences ★​ WHAT IS THE IMPLICATION OF THE EMERGENCE OF SEMI PERMANENT NATIVE SETTLEMENTS FOR SOCIAL ORGANIZATION? ○​ No need to worry about things you can’t get because there is trading, there has to be a lack and a demand for resources, there has to be access for supplies for the trade to exist. Countries have something we want but we don’t have. ○​ Increase in population density and that’s when domestication started because there is scarcity. ★​ WHY ARE IROQUOIAN HOUSES LOCATED ON HIGHER GROUNDS AND CLOSE TO WATER BODIES? ○​ There is no civilization without access to water, it is a support system. They need water bodies for transportation, as a corridor to transport goods from one spot to another. You need fish from water bodies.  ○​ They choose higher grounds as a defense strategy to detect enemy or warriors approaching the city, you prepare your warriors to have a good view. THE ADVENT OF EUROPEAN -​ In 1534, the french sailor Jacques Cartier travelled up the St. Lawrence River. The one who discovered “Canada”. John Cabot said how was the landscape and that there was fish in the ocean, the movement of the vessel (you can lean over the boat and scoop over fish from the ocean). -​ Initially, Europeans came seasonally to fish. -​ Glass, shell, stone, and bone beads, late 16th Century. -​ The Iroquoian moved away from Toronto presumably due to warfare or religious reasons. -​ Transform activities of early people, NATIVES AND NEWCOMERS ​ It is evident that the first Europeans reached Toronto in the 17th Century. ​ Samuel de Champlain also travelled to Huronia by the Ottawa route and then participated in a campaign against the Hurons’ Iroquois enemies in New York. Described as a diplomat, ethnographer, cartographer and a soldier, he said he founded the first city in Canada (Quebec city, first known city) 1608. 20-29 trips along the St. Lawrence River and encountered a lot of communities and 65000 communities around the river. ​ Before setting off, Champlain let Etienne Brule join some Hurons on a journey south to recruit help from other aboriginal people at war with the Iroquois, the Susquehannocks of modern Pennsylvania. His main mission is study way of life from 1610 to 1612, back then you want to secure safety of your child or who you are guardian from, from chief side they gave him sauvignon and he was going to study the culture, language. ​ French and communities were cordial, mutual respect, friendships were built, gifts were exchanged and various trading activities. But then the British came, problems began where you have two empires that want attention and trade agreements with indigenous and use them as allies to fight other empires. ​ Brule used a route to the west of Toronto to reduce the chances of being intercepted by Iroquois war parties. DISEASES AND DISLOCATIONS AMONG FIRST NATIONS -​ Champlain and Brule’s presence in southern Ontario to fight beside the Hurons against the Iroquois symbolized the violence and traumas that afflicted the lower Great Lakes in the 17th Century. 1633 Etienne was killed. -​ Hurons received Roman Catholic missionaries. In promoting the faith of the Europeans, the French priests began to undermine not only the beliefs but also the social structures of the tribes and this generated serious divisions within communities. They wanted them to speak languages that were imposed on them, imposing their foreign language, residential system of schools separating children from parents, adapting their way of life. Cultural genocide. -​ Between 1634 and 1640, half of the aboriginal population of southern Ontario (Toronto) and elsewhere in the Great Lakes perished from terrifying new diseases that the newcomers brought to them. Smallpox, miscels, tuberculosis, colera, and disease killed many people. THE NAME “TORONTO” ​ The five nations of the Iroquois confederacy are Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca (later Tuscarora). ​ It was about the time that the Senecas lived here that the word “Toronto” began to appear on French maps. “Lac Toronto”. ​ The word originated from Mohawk Iroquoian’s word “Tkaronto” meaning ‘where there are trees in water’. ​ The native reference was to weir (or pole and net system) for catching fish. ○​ Anchor for fishing, platform for fishing, poles to tie fishing canoes to prevent drifting, miniature port, beacon for canoe sailors and fishermen. ○​ Platforms used as fish traps. FRENCH TRADING POSTS IN 1720 AND 1750 -​ Towards the end of the 17th century, Algonkian speakers from Central Ontario replaced the Senecas in the Toronto area. The british had another trading post -​ Historians debate why the Algonkians supplanted the Iroquois in this region. -​ French people had traded in and around the Toronto Passage on an occasional basis since the 17th century and established a trading post in 1720. THEY ABANDONED IT BETWEEN A DECADE BECAUSE COMPETITION WITH BRITISH WAS TOO HIGH BECAUSE THEY COULDN'T KEEP UP, AFTER A COUPLE YEARS THEY CAME BACK TO ESTABLISH ANOTHER TRADING POST. -​ They returned in 1750 to build another small post on the Humber River. -​ The British empire was able to take control over Toronto, eventually they overpowered the French and established the treaty of Paris and the French left; the implication is that Britain took over some territories between upper and lower Canada. America established confederation because, AMerican Manifest Destiny, desire of Americans to fight with British empire over power to occupy Canadian land. Fight the British empire, wanting to take over Canadian territory so British territory doesn’t expand. ★​ WHY DO YOU THINK MOST OF THE EARLY FORTS ESTABLISHED BY THE EARLY EUROPEANS WERE SITUATED CLOSE TO WATER BODIES? ★​ WHAT ACCOUNT FOR THE PATTERN OF DISTRIBUTION OF FORTS BETWEEN THE BRITISH ON ONE HAND AND THE FRENCH ON THE OTHER. THE PATTERN OF FORTS IS LINEAR AND NOT MIXED OR NOT INTERSPERSED WITH EACH OTHER. ○​ Because it is hard to get supplies there if your enemies are dominating the area, there are guards guarding these posts, it is not safe to have posts in your enemies territory, under an attack you’re exposed. BRITISH RULE (1763 TO 1793) ​ The Seven Years’ War came to an end with the ratification of the Treaty of Paris in 1763. Native hurons that aligned with the French and the Iriquios that aligned with the British and they fought with each other. Britain took over. ​ France was defeated by the British and the indigenous people found that they were shown less respect by the British than before. The British were harsh with the natives and the British weren’t respectful, the relationship was tense and that led to Pontiac's war (series of battles all the way to Ohio and Mississippi where natives were fighting the British because of the treatment they were receiving. The British established an agreement with native for occupation for land (by trading or conquest and persuasion; three major methods) Britain took power over most of the land. ​ Wars broke out and the closest fighting to Toronto occurred along the Niagara River, where Senecas from Western New York attacked British forces. ​ Many colonists rose up against the British Crown in the American Revolution of 1775-83. ​ After Britain's recognition of the independence of the new United States in 1783, a large number of United Empire loyalist refugees settled on the north side of the Great Lakes. ​ Britain had several deals with native people, two representatives: John Johnson (Indian department) and deputy Sevia John Collins, natives had Wabakinine, Neace and Pakian three native chiefs represented native people. 2,500 sq miles of land. ​ In 1787 the government paid Mississaugas 1700 pounds (about $175,000) in cash, goods like axes, guns, knives, mirrors, fishing hooks and 149 of goods. What the British paid the natives. TORONTO: A PROVINCIAL CENTRE 1.​ The coming of the capital of Upper Canada to Toronto was an emergency defensive measure taken at a moment when British authorities expected United States forces to invade Canada. 2.​ The lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, John Graves Simcoe, decided to establish a naval base at Toronto. 3.​ Simcoe also planned to develop the colonial capital in his preferred location at modern London, Ontario. Successfully defended Toronto from the US, at the time Toronto was not the capital it was London. He  realized there was no time to transfer departments so he built forts Fort York, named after Fedrecirk Augustus Yock (won the battle of farmers in Europe) 4.​ However, he decided to focus on fortifying Toronto and dispatched Queens Ranger soldiers from Niagara to construct Fort York to defend the entrance to Toronto Bay. He set up Naval bases around Toronto. 5.​ The US came and attempted to run down Fort York and they had to evacuate their troops and set ammunition on fire and ran away. US troops did damage to Toronto and tore down the mayor's office and buildings. 6.​ Fort York is one of the best things Simcoe did. THE WAR OF 1812 -​ In June 1812, the United States declared war on Great Britain. -​ The result of the war meant that Toronto’s evolution differed dramatically from neighbouring US communities in the Great Lakes Region. -​ The conflict had been traumatic for the citizens of York. The Governor's home and Parliament building were burnt. The British retaliated by sending troops to the USA to burn down the White House, Congress and other public buildings in 1814. -​ However, by the time the war ended in 1815, the American had failed to achieve their goal. INCORPORATION OF THE CITY OF TORONTO, 1834 ​ The town’s expanding port and road networks facilitated development. No fire hydrants, lots of fire, 1849, 1890, stray animals like cows, horses were roaming around the street, there was a need for a system to organize the way of life of people. ​ The “town of York” became the “City of Toronto” ​ Municipal incorporation came about in 1834. ​ A few officials had been elected at town meetings from 1797 to look after minor matters, such as impounding stray animals and appointed magistrates. Neighborhoods with immigrants used to be known as the places where there were more diseases. ​ The city’s first mayor was radical politician and newspaper editor William Lyon Mackenzie. He was popular so people voted for him. He became the leader of a protest and became a wanted man and ran away to the US. ​ At the time, the city’s boundaries were Bathurst Street in the west, Dundas in the north and Parliament in the East. ​ The community grew in population, prosperity and sophistication between 1815 and 1851. The period witnessed substantial trauma and stress. ​ Poverty was common. Poverty’s symptoms found expression in increased incidences of drunkenness, violence and crime. TORONTO: AN INDUSTRIALIZING CITY 1851-1901 -​ In 1851, 97% of the population claimed origins in the United Kingdom (of whom about one third were Canadian). -​ Some religious tension blemished urban life, especially between Catholics and Protestants of Irish origins. -​ Cultural mosaic emerged as exemplified by ethnically the modest numbers of Blacks, Italians, British, Germans, Slavs, and descendants of the original native population.