PSY 102 Lecture 2 PDF - Research Methods

Research Methods Lecture 2 PSY 102 (Section 7) Sept. 12th. 2024 Dr. Avideh Gharehgazlou (Dr. G) 1 Assignment 1 An opportunity to practice scientific thinking 3 scientific principles, 1 warning sign (each 250-350 words)...

Research Methods Lecture 2 PSY 102 (Section 7) Sept. 12th. 2024 Dr. Avideh Gharehgazlou (Dr. G) 1 Assignment 1 An opportunity to practice scientific thinking 3 scientific principles, 1 warning sign (each 250-350 words) Total: 1,400 words Bullet form is not acceptable Submit electronically (Turnitin) Turnitin is a learning tool, rather than a way to “catch cheaters” 🡪 alerts you of overlap with other work Submit a.doc or.docx file Due before 11:59 p.m. on Sept. 26th 2  Influence of spiritualism Possessed by evil spirits The movement of the moon & stars (“Luna”) History of Psychology 3 Social Stigma Typical vs. atypical Normal vs. abnormal “Psychological disorders continue to carry a substantial stigma in our society. To be anxious or depressed is to be weak and cowardly. To be schizophrenic is to be unpredictable and crazy. For physical injuries in times of war, we award medals. For psychological injuries, the unfortunate soldiers earn scorn. Often, someone with psychological disorders does not seek health care for fear that a co-worker may learn about the problem. With far less social support than for physical illness, people have less chance of full recovery.” page 62* 4 * Abnormal Psychology: An integrative Approach, 6th Canadian Edition  Indistinguishable from philosophy William Wundt 🡪 first psychological laboratory in Germany History of Marks the beginning of psychology as a science Psychology Continued 5  Behaviourism Cognitivism Psychoanalysis Major Theoretical Viewpoints 6  Uncovering the general laws of learning Behaviourism by studying observable John B. Watson (founder of behaviourism) B. F. Skinner Behaviour can be strengthened or weakened depending on its consequences Reinforcement Punishment 🡪 relatively ineffective in the long run Black box psychology: Input Output (possible (observable 7 consequences) behaviour)  8 * This slide will not be included in first exam Watson & little Albert Among the first experiments to produce fear of an object not previously feared unethical based on today’s standards: Did not remove the fear Did not follow-up *Will not be on first exam Before learning: Unconditioned Stimulus & Unconditioned Response Pavlov’s Classical After learning: Conditioned Stimulus & Conditioned Conditioning Response 9 Cognitivism Cognition Cognitive psychology Peaking inside the black box Jean Piaget Cognitive neuroscience & affective neuroscience _______________ ____ Input Output (possible (Observable behaniour) 10 consequence) Psychoanalysi s Sigmund Freud Breuer unconscious mind Freudian slips Great emphasis on early life experiences Critics: Freud’s theories & ideas, which rely on unconscious processes, cannot be falsified 11 Nature-Nurture Debate John Locke The mind = tabula rasa at birth Behaviour genetics research Both genes & environment play important roles in most behaviours 12 Free-Will Determinism Debate To what extent are our behaviours freely selected than caused by factors outside of our control? Determinism: Free-will is an illusion Behaviours are generated automatically, without conscious awareness B. F. Skinner 13  _________ research _________ research 14  Type 1 thinking or ”intuitive thinking” quick , reflexive, doesn’t require much mental effort Type 2 thinking or “analytical thinking” 2 Types of slow, reflective, takes mental effort New skill: analytical thinking 🡪 intuitive Thinking thinking Research designs make use of the power of analytical thinking: Ensure we consider alternative explanations 15 Generalizability Population A representative sample Sample __________ the Participant population Representative sample through random selection large & randomly selected sample (hence, representative sample) is ideal If not possible 🡪 a smaller random sample 16 Evaluating Measures: Reliability Is our measure reliable? Reliability 🡪 consistency of measurement test-retest reliability Inter-rater reliability 17 Evaluating Measures: Validity Is our measure valid? Validity 🡪 extent to which a measure assess what it claims to meanture 18  Reliability is necessary for validity But, reliability does not guarantee validity Reliability & Validity 19  Replicability & Reproducibility Replicability 🡪 ability Reproducibility 🡪 to duplicate the ability to review and original findings of a reanalyze the data study using new data from a study and find from new participants the same results 20  replicability crisis Open-science movement: sharing datasets in public research archives Attempt to replicate before exploring new questions Open-Scien ce Preregistering one’s research (hypotheses, design, analysis plans, etc.) Merely publishing sound science in Movement scientific journals Combats against the “file drawer problem” More emphasis on patterns of findings across studies 21