Lecture 1: Introduction to Human Biology PDF

1.1: Introduction Questions and observations that have led to knowledge. Knowledge about structure and function of the human body. 1  1.2: Anatomy & Physiology Anatomy – the study of the structure of the human body Ph...

1.1: Introduction Questions and observations that have led to knowledge. Knowledge about structure and function of the human body. 1  1.2: Anatomy & Physiology Anatomy – the study of the structure of the human body Physiology – the study of the function of the human body “The complementarity of structure and function.” 2  1.3: Levels of Organization Subatomic Particles – electrons, protons, and neutrons Atom – hydrogen atom, lithium atom, etc. Molecule – water molecule, glucose molecule, etc. Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule, etc. Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, etc. Cell – muscle cell, nerve cell, etc. Tissue – epithelia, connective, muscle and nerve Organ – skin, femur, heart, kidney, etc. Organ System – skeletal system, digestive system, etc. Organism – the human 3  Levels of Organization Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Subatomic particles Ato m Organ system Molecule Macromolecule Organ Organelle Organism Cell Tissue  Organ Systems Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Integumentary Skeletal Muscular 5 system system system  Organ Systems Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 6 Nervous system Endocrine system  Organ Systems Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7 Cardiovascular Lymphatic system system  Organ Systems Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 8 Digestive Respiratory Urinary system system system  Organ Systems Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 9 Male reproductive Female reproductive  1.1 Clinical Application Ultrasound (US) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 10 1.4: Characteristics of Life (10) Movement – change in position; motion Responsiveness – reaction to a change Growth – increase in body size; no change in shape Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods 11 Characteristics of Life Continued Digestion – breakdown of food substances into simpler forms Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms Excretion – removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions 12  1.5: Maintenance of Life Life depends on five (5) environmental factors: Water Food Oxygen Heat Pressure 13  Requirements of Organisms Water - most abundant substance in body - required for metabolic processes - required for transport of substances - regulates body temperature Food - provides necessary nutrients - supplies energy - supplies raw materials 14  Requirements of Organisms Oxygen (gas) - one-fifth of air - used to release energy from nutrients Heat - form of energy - partly controls rate of metabolic reactions Pressure - application of force on an object - atmospheric pressure – important for breathing - hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing 15  Homeostasis* * Maintaining of a stable internal environment Homeostatic Control Mechanisms – monitors aspects of the internal environment and corrects as needed. Variations are within limits. There are three (3) parts: Receptor - provides information about the stimuli Control Center - tells what a particular value should be (called the set point) Effector - elicits responses that change conditions in the internal environment 16 Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Control center (set point) (Change is Receptor compared Effectors s to the set point.) (muscles or glands) Stimulus (Change occurs in internal Response 17 environment.) (Change is Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Control center The hypothalamus detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector organs. Receptors Effectors Thermoreceptors Skin blood vessels send signals to dilate and sweat the glands control center. secrete. Stimulus Response Body temperature Body heat is lost to rises above normal. surroundings, temperature drops toward normal. too high Normal body temperature 37°C (98.6°F) too low Stimulus Response Body temperature Body heat is conserved, drops below temperature rises toward normal. normal. Receptors Effectors Effectors Thermoreceptors Skin blood Muscle send signals to vessels constrict activity the and sweat generates control center. glands body remain inactive. heat. Control center The hypothalamus detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector If body temperature organs. continues to drop, control center 18 signals muscles to contract Involuntarily. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms There are two (2) types: Negative feedback mechanisms Positive feedback mechanisms 19  Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Negative feedback summary: Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body Corrects the set point Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, i.e. the ‘negative’ Most common type of feedback loop Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation 20 Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Positive feedback summary: Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body short-lived do not require continuous adjustments Examples: blood clotting and child birth 21  1.6: Organization of the Human Body Cranial Cranial cavity cavity Vertebral canal Vertebral canal Right pleural Mediastinum Thoraci cavity Thoracic Left pleural c Pericardia cavity cavity cavity l Diaphragm cavity Diaphrag m Abdominal Abdominal cavity Abdominopelvic cavity cavity Pelvic cavity Pelvic (b) cavity (a ) 22  Thoracic & Abdominal Serous Membranes Visceral layer – covers an organ Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall Thoracic Membranes Abdominopelvic Membranes Visceral pleura Parietal peritoneum Parietal pleura Visceral peritoneum Visceral pericardium Parietal perineum Parietal pericardium Visceral perineum 23 Serous Membranes Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 24  1.7: Lifespan Changes Aging occurs from the microscopic level to the whole-body level. Can you think of some examples? 25  1.8: Anatomical Terminology Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Anatomical Position – standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward and thumbs out 26 Integumentary system  Anatomical Terminology: Orientation and Directional Terms Terms of Relative Position (based on anatomical position): Superior versus Inferior (Cranial vs. Caudal) Anterior versus Posterior (Ventral vs. Dorsal) Medial versus Lateral Ipsi-lateral versus Contra-lateral Proximal versus Distal Superficial versus Deep Internal versus External 27  Body Sections or Planes Sagittal or Median – divides body into left and right portions Mid-sagittal – divides body into equal left and right portions Transverse or Horizontal – divides body into superior and inferior portions Coronal or Frontal – divides body into anterior and posterior portions 28  Body Sections Median Parasagittal (midsagittal) plane plane Transverse A section along the (horizontal median plane ) plane A section along a transverse plane Frontal (coronal) A section along a frontal plane plane 29  Body Sections (a) (b) (c) 30  Other Body Sections L o n g i t u d i n tion a Cross-section sec que l Obli s e c t i o n 31 (a) (b) (c)  Abdominal Subdivisions Right Left hypochondria Epigastri hypochondria c c c Right upper Left upper region region region quadrant quadrant (RUQ) (LUQ) Right Umbilica Left lumba l lumba r region r Right lower Left lower region region quadrant quadrant Right Hypogastri Left (RLQ) (LLQ) iliac c iliac regio region regio n n 32  Body Regions Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cephalic (head) Frontal Otic (ear) (forehead) Orbital (eye cavity) Nasal (nose) Occipital Buccal (cheek) Oral (back of (mouth) Cervical (neck) Mental head) (chin) Sternal Acromial Acromial (point of Pectoral (point of shoulder) (chest) shoulder) Axillary (armpit) Vertebral Mammary (breast) (spinal column) Brachial (arm) Brachial (arm) Dorsum (back) Umbilica Antecubital l Cubital (front of (navel) (elbow) elbow) Inguina Lumbar Abdomina (lower l l (groin) back) (abdomen) Sacral (between Antebrachial (forearm) Coxal hips) Gluteal (hip) (buttocks) Carpal (wrist) Palmar (palm) Perineal Digital (finger) Femoral Genital (thigh) (reproductive organs) Popliteal (back of Patellar knee) (front of knee) Sural (calf) Crural (leg) Tarsal (instep) Pedal Digital (foot) Plantar 33 (a) (toe) (b (sole) )