Lecture 1# introduction to growth and development.pptx

Lecture 1: Introduction To Growth And Development HEP220 Prepared by Dr Anwar Alhashem Edited by Dr Huny Bakry Objectives: 1. Define growth and development. 2. Identify types of growth and development. 3. Mention principles of growth and development. 4. Enumerate factors influencing growth and dev...

Lecture 1: Introduction To Growth And Development HEP220 Prepared by Dr Anwar Alhashem Edited by Dr Huny Bakry Objectives: 1. Define growth and development. 2. Identify types of growth and development. 3. Mention principles of growth and development. 4. Enumerate factors influencing growth and development through the life span. 5. State the stage of growth and developmental Qualify competitive specialized MISSION OF HEALTH EDUCATION PROGRAM cadres in the field of health education and research, and actively contributing to community participation to enhance health and improve the quality of life. List of Topics 1. Introduction to growth & development 2. Theories of growth and development 3. Prenatal growth & development 4. Neonatal growth & development 5. Growth and development during Infancy period 6. Growth and development during toddler period 7. Growth and development during pre-school period 8. Growth and development during school-age period 9. Growth and development during adolescent period 10. Growth and development during adulthood period 11. Death and dying Students Assessment Exam Mark s Date Exam materi al Mid-term I 30 Tuesday 11:30 (20/2/2024) week 6 Lecture 1-5 Mid-term II 30 Tuesday 11:30 (23/04/2024) week 12 Lecture 6-10 End Semester Exam 40 26/05/2024 All lectures Warnings Warning I Warning 2 Prohibition % No. of hours No. of lectures 10% 20% 25% 3 6 8 2 3 4 Reference Book Journey across the life span: Human development and health – promotion, 7th edition. 2023. Elaine Polan and Daphne, Taylor Davis Company ISBN: 978-0803674875 GROWTH  Growth refers to an increase in physical size of whole body or any of its parts.  It causes a quantitative change in the child's body.  Growth can be measured accurately in kilograms, pounds, meters, inches, etc. TYPES O F G R O W T H A-Physical Growth,  e.g., weight, height, head and chest circumferences. B- Physiological Growth, e.g., vital signs (Pulse, respiration, blood pressure ). DEVELOPMENT Development refers to a progressive increase in skill and capacity of function. It causes a qualitative change in the child's functioning. It can be measured but its measurements are not as accurate as growth as it is measured through observation. TYPES O F DEVELOPMENT A. Motor development it is either: Gross motor behaviors include: posture, head balance, sitting, creeping, standing and walking Fine motor behaviors include the use of hands and fingers such as graspingButtoning and zipping Types o f Development B. Cognitive development: Reasoning, mental thinking..etc. C. Emotional development: love, fear…. etc. D.Social development: friendship, development of sense of trust, autonomy E. Language development. F. Moral development. PRINCIPLES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 1. Growth and development are predictable pattern are continuous, orderly that and progressive. 2. These patterns or trends are universal and base to all human beings, but each human being accomplishing these in a manner and time unique to that individual. 3- There are periods of rapid growth and other period of slow growth. 4- Not all body parts grow in the same rate at the same time, e.g., during prenatal stage, head grow faster than the other organs, but after birth, the other organs are more rapid 5. Each stage of growth and development is affected by those preceding types of development and affects those that follow. 6. Growth and development proceed in regular related directions, Directions trend are: A- Cephalocaudal B- Proximodistal C- Simple to complex A-CEPHALOCAUDAL The growth Proceeds from head down to toes. The infants achieving head control before mastering their trunk and extremities. B- PROXIMODISTAL: The growth proceeds from the center or midline of the body to the periphery. The infant’s control of shoulder precedes mastery of hands and control before fingers. whole hands C- SIMPLE TO COMPLEX: (General to Undifferentiated specific to or Differentiated), where development proceeds from the simple operations to more complex activities and functions. e.g. Babies learn to roll over before they can grasp objects with their fingers Factors Aff ecting Growth and Development  Heredity  Factors related to mothers  Factors related to fetus  Environmental factors A. Heredity: Genes contain specific information about a wide range of human characteristics, from eye and skin color; height and weight; blood group.. B. FACTORS RELATED TO MOTHERS: Mothers’ age: teenage mothers are more likely than those of older mothers to have premature children. Mothers who are over 40 years are more likely than others to have infant of down syndrome. Nutritional deficiencies [ impact vary depending on the severity and duration of the deficiency] Vitamin A deficiency may cause Low birth weight Folic acid deficiency cause Spina Bifida Diabetic mother: may interfere with : Neurodevelopment ( increase the risk of autism and ADHA) B. FACTORS RELATED TO MOTHERS: Smoking: as babies born to smoking mothers' weigh less and have low cognitive scores. Babies born to smoking mothers may continue to grow at a slower rate compared to non-exposed babies. This can negatively impact their height, weight, and head circumference. Infection with German measles during the first trimester of pregnancy can cause fetal congenital anomalies. Use of drugs. Exposure to radiation. C. FACTORS RELATED TO FETUS: Malposition in utero. Limited space: Certain malposition like breech or transverse (lying sideways) can restrict the baby's space in the uterus, leading to intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Nutrient and oxygen flow: Depending on the position, blood flow through the placenta and umbilical cord might be affected, reducing nutrient and oxygen delivery to the baby, impacting growth and development. Deformities: In rare cases, prolonged malposition can lead to skeletal deformities due to pressure on specific areas of the baby's body. D. EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT FACTOR: Socio-economic status of the family Child’s nutrition as malnutrition (under-nutrition or obesity) affects child's growth and development. Child’s health deviation Exercise: School: School is often assumed to has a positive effect on children's behavioral development, as it offers the children with positive experiences as peer interaction. Mass Media (Television, books, movies). They might have a positive or negative effect on children's behavioral development. STAGES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 1 Prenatal period: It is the period from conception to birth. It is divided into: Embryonic stage : From conception to 8 weeks. Fetal stage: From 8 weeks to birth. 2- Infancy period: It is the period from birth to 12 months. It is divided into: Neonatal stage (newborn age) : From birth to 4 weeks (28 days). Infancy stage: From 28 days – 12 months of age. STAGES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 3- Early childhood period : It is the period from 1 to 6 years of age. It is divided into: Toddler stage: From 1 – 3 years of age. Pre-school stage : From 3 – 6 years of age. 4 - Middle childhood period (school age stage ) : It is the period from 6 to 12 years of age. 5- Late childhood period (Adolescence stage): from 12 – 19 years may be extent to 20 years STAGES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 6- Young adult : 20- 40 years 7- Middle adulthood : 40-65 years 8- Late adulthood : Over 65 year